1. FODO-based Linear Quadrupole PreCooler M. Berz, D. Errede, C. Johnstone, K. Makino D. Neuffer, and A. Van Ginneken, A. Tollestrup WG1, July 3 NuFACT02 Imperial College, London July 1-6, 2002

2. Contents n Basics u What emittances are required for a neutrino factory? u Equilibrium emittances in cooling channels u General staging remarks for cooling

3. What emittances drive the cooling in a neutrino factory n Storage ring design  n (rms) u pjk 50-GeV design1.5 mm rad u Fermi 50-GeV design3.2 mm-rad n RLAs u Study I1.1 mm-rad u Study II<2 mm-rad n Required “cooled” emittance is 1-2 mm-rad for U.S. baseline acceleration scenario n For Japanese FFAG scenario, emittance requirement is 1 cm-rad, almost an order of magnitude larger

4. To achieve a minimum equilibrium emittance of 1.7 mm-rad @200 MeV/c,   has to be ~ 0.4 m. This is to be compared to the rms emittance after capture of 20 mm-rad, indicating a factor of 10 requirement in transverse cooling for the U.S. Scenario (factor of 2 for Japanese acceleration scenario. The equilibrium emittance is given by  N,min =   (14 MeV)  (  m  L R. d  ds) where   is the transverse beta function at the absorber,  the relativistic velocity, m  the mass of the muon, L R the radiation length of the absorber material, and dE/ds the energy lost in the absorber.

5. Staging the cooling n Clearly a factor of 10 decrease in transverse emittance is difficult using a single cooling structure u large emittances, low betas = large apertures in elements (  max  1/   ) u how would you effectively stage an order of magnitude in cooling n Look at the cooling dynamics

6. Full simulation: transverse cooling along Quad channel

7. Observations: n Cooling rates are ~constant until the u 1.5 x  equilibrium lowering   does not significantly increase the cooling rate n Conversely, raising the initial uncooled emittance F   can be scaled upwards also very significant for cost and optical design of cooling at ultra-large emittances after capture.

8. A staging strategy n Emittance-dependent: Factor of 2 cooling/plane per stage:  n rms (mm-rad)20  10  5  2.5**   (m) 1.5  0.75  0.4 Factor 2 2 2 **practical limit for   of 0.4 m FFAG scenario

9. Choice of optical cooling structure: n With the much large   one can start thinking u nonsolenoidal structures, i.e. quadrupoles u removing components from apertures of elements, F hopefully smaller apertures = lower costs u nonsuperconducting elements

10. Quadrupole Cooling Channels: General Considerations n Longitudinal and and Transverse Acceptance of Channel u Compare acceptances of different optical structures n Insertion of Absorber u Location of minimal beam size, both planes u Calculate equilibrium emittance limit n Physical Limitations u Quadrupole aperture and length constraints u Available space between magnets n Match to emittance-exchange channel** u Can same optical structure be used for emittance exchange **not required for FFAG scenario

11. Optical Structures for Ultra-large Emittance Beams FODO cell u Simple-lens/Alternating Gradient systems have the largest combined transverse and chromatic acceptance of any optical structure for light/magnetic optics. u Generally, acceptance is limited only by the physical apertures of the components Before proposing a channel-- What constraints should be imposed on quadrupole design?

12. Quadrupole Design n Aperture vs. length: role of fringe fields n Maximum poletip field Design Constraints: Maximum aperture = Magnet Length Normal Conducting Quads: Poletip Field < 2T Separated Components: rf, in particular removed from component apertures; increasing acceptance and decreasing component cost

13. Consequences of hoice of Optical Structure n FODO u Simplest: alternating focussing and defocussing (in one transverse plane) lenses u A minimum in beta or beam size cannot be achieved simultaneously in both planes n Doublet or Triplet quadrupole system u 2 or 3 consecutive, alternating focussing and defocussing quadrupoles u required to form simultaneous low beta points in both planes (interaction regions of colliders, for example)

14. Acceptance of Quadrupole Channels n Transverse Acceptance u Using only linear elements (quadrupoles and/or dipoles), the transverse dynamic aperture is normally larger than the physical aperture (unless a strong resonance is encountered in a long series of cooling cells). u Practically, FODO and doublet/triplet quadrupole channels have transverse acceptances or apertures limited only by poletip strength for a given gradient (  8T for superconducting quads and  2T for normal conducting). n Longitudinal Acceptance u The FODO cell is a simple lens system and has the largest chromatic acceptance of any quadrupole-based structure. Lattices based on FODO cells have been designed which transmit up to a factor of 4 change in momentum. u Doublet/triplet-based quadrupole structures are momentum limited to approximately  5% deviation from the central momentum of the channel. n Logistics u Because the FODO cell cannot achieve a minimum beta point in both planes, its valid application is just after capture and phase rotation, where the transverse and longitudinal emittances are very large. u Conversely, the limited momentum acceptance of the triplet/doublet quadrupole channels restrict their implementation to after emittance exchange has occurred. The rest of this talk will discuss the FODO cooling channel only

15. Construction of FODO Quad Cooling Cell 1/2 1/2 abs F rf D rf F rf D abs COOLING CELL PHYSICAL PARAMETERS: Quad Length0.6 m Quad bore0.6 m Poletip Field~1 T Interquad space0.4 - 0.5 m Absorber length0.35 m * RF cavity length0.4 - 0.7 m* Total cooling cell length2m (rf extending into magnet) 4m (separated rf) For applications further upstream at larger emittances, this channel can support a 0.8 m bore, 0.8 m long quadrupole with no intervening drift and without matching to the channel described here.

16. Acceptance in the Presence of Fringe Fields n Outside the physical 60 cm aperture after applying a known fringe field model n Stable in the presence of fringe fields over a momentum range, dp/p - 22% to >+100% Although it is outside the physical aperture, fringe fields are the limiting effect on the dynamic aperture

17. Origin of longitudinalDefocussing quad with field components inbeam envelope for the fringe fields:quatoed acceptance of the channel Strong only on diagonal BUTBeam envelope quickly near poletipsdeviated from the diagonal in a FODO channel Fringe-field components

18. Enhanced physical apertures in a quad: Star-shaped vacuum chambers can be used in the FODO channel quads effectively increasing their acceptance; this is done in the Fermilab MI for injection/extraction. However, star chambers have not been assumed in the following simulations.

19. FODO LATTICE AND INSERTION OF ABSORBER LATTICE FUNCTIONS OF A FODO CELL FOR A QUAD COOLING CHANNEL, P0=200 MeV/c n In a FODO cell, the combined minimum for  x and  y is at their crossing point, halfway between quadrupoles. n The achievable  transverse in the absorber is about 1.6 m, or a factor of 4 larger than the average transverse  in the 2.75 m SFOFO channel (0.4 m). n This channel can a full transverse normalized emittance of 2-2.5  for  = 20 mm-rad at a p 0 of 200 MeV/c.

20. Longitudinal Acceptance and Lattice Stability at Different Momenta LATTICE FUNCTIONS for 155, 245, and 300 MeV/c, clockwise. n  average at the absorber ranges from 1.57 to 1.90 at 155 and 245 MeV/c, respectively, which represents the momentum range of the 2.75 m SFOFO channel. n  max is 3.90 m @155 MeV/c and 3.19 m @245 MeV./c n The acceptance reach of this channel is clearly larger than 300 MeV/c; i.e.  avg is still only 2.3 m. and  max is 3.5 m

21. Fodo Cell Properties as a Function of Momentum

22. Longitudinal Acceptance and Lattice Stability at Different Momenta

23. Acceptance of the Linear Quad Channel With this stability what is the acceptance of the linear quad channel? More importantly, how does it compare with the upstream SFOFO channels?

25. Effective Cooling Range n BUT as we know   at the absorber is increasing with momentum, but so is the normalized acceptance so what is the real cooling range in energy?

26. The equilibrium emittance is given by  N,min =   (14 MeV)  (  m  L R. d  ds) where   is the transverse beta function at the absorber,  the relativistic velocity, m  the mass of the muon, L R the radiation length of the absorber material, and dE/ds the energy lost in the absorber. Then, one cools when  N,min /    constant or if the unnormalized acceptance is constant vs. momentum  /    constant

28. This implies : Cooling occurs from 150 MeV/c to past 400 MeV/c in this channel

29. Tracking Studies were performed: u with full nonlinear terms u with/without quadrupole fringe fields (different models) u with multiple scattering (windows +absorber) u dE/dx as a function of energy u full energy loss function including straggling and spin u 200 MHz sinusoidal rf Preliminary Tracking Studies of the FODO quad cooling channel

30. Preliminary Tracking Studies of the FODO quad cooling channel-details Tracking Studies were performed: u with full nonlinear terms u with/without quadrupole fringe fields (different models) u with multiple scattering (windows +absorber) u full straggling implemented (windows + absorber)? Preliminary estimates of cooling were obtained by: 1. determining the invariant phase ellipse of the quad channel 2. tracking in 1 cm steps along the x axis to determine the dynamic aperture of the channel 3. particles were then launched on the outer stable invariant ellipse at various x,x’ coordinates and on one inner phase ellipse near the calculated equilibrium emittance 4. particle positions were plotted for 10 cells, but at increasing distance down the length of the cooling channel (cells 21-30, 31-40, 101-110, for example) until the cooling converged. 5. the rough cooling factor was obtained by comparing the outermost stable ellipse with the final ellipse which clearly contained the majority of the particles.

31. Quad Cooling Channel Simulation by COSY Infinity n Muons (180MeV/c to 245MeV/c) n Magnetic Quadrupoles (k=2.88) n Liquid H Absorber: -dE/dx = -12MeV/35cm n Cavities: Energy gain +12MeV/Cell to compensate the loss in the absorber K. Makino Emittance Exchange Workshop at LBNL, October 3-19, 2001 4m Cell

32. Tracking the Quad Cooling Cells Momentum: 220 MeV/c, Starting from x=2cm,4cm,…,30cm, for 100 Cells (a) Without Cooling (b) With Cooling (no scattering) (c) With Cooling and Scattering (d) Pseudo-Invariant Ellipses with Cooling (damping factor corrected) K. Makino Emittance Exchange Workshop at LBNL, October 3-19, 2001 (a)(b) (c)(d)

33. Tracking the Quad Cooling Cells with Scattering Momentum: 220 MeV/c, Starting from x=10cm, 15cm Pseudo-Invariant Ellipses (a) Initial Ellipses (b) for 11-20 Cells (c) for 31-40 Cells (d) for 101-110 Cells (a)(b) (c)(d)

34. Full Simulation includes: n dE/dx as a function of energy dE/dx curves have now been loaded as a function of energy into COSY; i.e. energy lost in each absorber depends on the particle’s energy. n Straggling A. Van Ginneken’s energy loss function has been interfaced to COSY. Low energy tail of the straggling function is believed to be an important loss mechanism in the early channels AND the spin of the particle affects the average energy of the distribution. In this simulation the energy of the reference particle is calculated with full straggling and spin. The energy loss of other particles are calculated relative to this reference particle following the dE/dx curve. n rf bucket A sinusoidal 200-MHz rf waveform has been implemented assuming a gradient of 10MV/m.

35. Straggling: Energy distribution after hydrogen absorber

36. Straggling: Energy distribution after Al window

37. Generation of particle energy distribution after absorber

38. Quantifying the Cooling: Description of a Merit Factor TRANSVERSE Load an elliptical distribution in x,x’ which corresponds to the stable phase ellipses of a quad channel without cooling. The exact shape will be a Gaussian whos rms width is 1/2 - 1/2.5 the half aperture of the quadrupoles, which is 30cm (  max =3.1 m, @p=200MeV/c). An initial to final rms ratio can be calculated for the transverse cooling factor. LONGITUDINAL Two cases will be loaded: one with little longitudinal loss, and one “filling” the bucket for comparison. Minimal bucket loss  E = 12 MeV; rms bunch length = 7.5 cm  s = 60°;   = ±54° for a 3  distribution Maximul bucket loss  E = 24 MeV; rms bunch length = 15 cm  s = 60°;   = ±108° for a 3  distribution Longitudinal and transverse losses will form the overall transmission factor. The product of the transmission and cooling factors combined with the decay losses will provide the merit factor for this emittance range.

39. Full simulation: transverse cooling along channel

40. Tracking of particles launched along the diagonal in x,y

41. Goals Achieved with a the FODO-based Quad Cooling Channel n Cool transversely by a factor of 2 in the emittance of each plane: from an full normalized emittance of about 80-125 mm-rad to 30-40 mm-rad in each plane. n Inject cleanly (without matching) into an emittance exchange channel using the same FODO-based optical cell. n Recool transversely with the same channel. n After this channel, inject into more sophisticated cooling channels such as solenoidal ones to cool to the final required emittances n This is the only cooling needed for an FFAG scenario (emittance exchange is not needed)

42. Future Design Studies: n Move the central energy of the channel to the minimum in the total strength of the reheating terms (~300-400 MeV/c) by increasing the poletip strength of the quadrupoles (they are still normal conducting; I.e. <2T). n Although this, in principle, halves the momentum spread, this quad channel will still accept more the -22%-100% total momentum bite for effective cooling due to its naturally high longitudinal acceptance. This implies a momentum bile of 270 MeV/c - 700 MeV/c n Compare cooling rates, final emittances, and losses at the higher momenta n Load “exact” particle distributions from target/capture/buncher string n Investigate superconducting rf and increased absorber lengths. (The quadrupole end fields fall much more quickly than solenoidal ones and if quads are normal conducting, mirror plates can be used) n Evaluate other absorbers: He?, LiH (rotating drum target)