1. Aim: How can we use a heat budget to determine climate? DO NOW: TAKE SCRAP and get ready. DO NOW: TAKE SCRAP and get ready.

2. 56) (Porosity or permeability) does not depend on particle size. 56) (Porosity or permeability) does not depend on particle size. 34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are at an observer’s zenith or directly overhead on December 21? 34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are at an observer’s zenith or directly overhead on December 21?

3. 34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are at an observer’s zenith or directly overhead on June 21? 34) Latitude that the Sun’s rays are at an observer’s zenith or directly overhead on June 21? 46) Wind is a result of ______ differences. 46) Wind is a result of ______ differences.

4. HW: HW: Watch video on hurricanes and tornadoes and take notes that were posted last night. Watch video on hurricanes and tornadoes and take notes that were posted last night. Take notes of ppt I will post this afternoon. Take notes of ppt I will post this afternoon. You are now responsible for 1-80 of the WAYS. Please review and write down any of the “ways” that you do not understand. You are now responsible for 1-80 of the WAYS. Please review and write down any of the “ways” that you do not understand.

5. Did you make the cut Did you make the cut 3:30 – 4:30 3:30 – 4:30 Eat before you come. Serious review. Eat before you come. Serious review.

6. Heat Budget and Climate Change

7. What’s a heat budget? Heat budget – balance between energy gained and energy lost Heat budget – balance between energy gained and energy lost Earth balance between: Earth balance between: –Sun’s radiation / Earth’s interior heat and Earth giving off energy to space and Earth giving off energy to space + vs.

8. Let’s take a look at lab introduction. Let’s take a look at lab introduction. I have a few tips for you I have a few tips for you

13. Climate Change Ice Ages (glacial epoch) – cold periods where glaciers advance to mid-latitudes Ice Ages (glacial epoch) – cold periods where glaciers advance to mid-latitudes Warm Periods (interglacial epoch) – warm periods where few or no glaciers Warm Periods (interglacial epoch) – warm periods where few or no glaciers

14. El Niño Every 2-10 years cold waters of Eastern Pacific Ocean (South America) replaced with warm waters Every 2-10 years cold waters of Eastern Pacific Ocean (South America) replaced with warm waters Causes a warming event – leading to flooding, droughts, and heat waves Causes a warming event – leading to flooding, droughts, and heat waves La Niña – (opposite) leads to cooler climates than normal La Niña – (opposite) leads to cooler climates than normal

15. Warmer waters enter Eastern Pacific by South America (El Niño)

16. Global Warming Rising in the Earth’s average temperature Rising in the Earth’s average temperature Caused by production of more greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 3 – Methane, H 2 O vapor) Caused by production of more greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 3 – Methane, H 2 O vapor) More Greenhouse gases = elevated greenhouse effect = global warming More Greenhouse gases = elevated greenhouse effect = global warming Burning fossil fuels (factories, powerplants, cars) produces more CO 2 – leads to global warming Burning fossil fuels (factories, powerplants, cars) produces more CO 2 – leads to global warming

18. Heat Budget Shifts caused by: 1. Solar Energy – more sunspots (dark region on Sun’s surface) = more energy release by Sun

19. Heat Budget Shifts caused by (2): 2. Changes in Earth’s orbit (eccentricity) and axis tilt (angle) - takes over thousands of years 3. Volcanic eruptions and climate changes

20. Heat Budget Shifts caused by (3): 4. Human causes – deforestation (cutting trees down) urbanization (building of cities) desertification due to overgrazing