1. Something That Moves Something, created by Ohad Meyuhas, architect HISTORICAL REVIEW A Trip Down Memory Lane

2. TECHNOLOGICAL HISTORY Stone and Stone Wheel YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OORnMYoWX9c

3. IN THIS LESSON Technological revolutions from the Neolithic Revolution to the Third Industrial Revolution How the Digital Revolution led to the re-emergence of personal fabrication in the Information Age A vision for the future

4. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? How does this compare to today’s manufacturing and consumer environment? (Q.1)

5. Neolithic Revolution1 st Industrial Revolution2 nd Industrial RevolutionDigital Revolution3 rd Industrial Revolution Design: Ami Drach and Dov Ganchrow | 3D scanning: Dr. Leore Grosman at the Hebrew University Jerusalem's Institute of Archaeology | Photography: Moti Fishbain NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (8,000 B.C.E.)

6. The picture shows Neolithic man-made tools. The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by: Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement The first specialized workers Advances in tool making Tools were created for specific use and need. People relied on personal fabrication or local toolmakers. People created tools from the material they could find locally. Creators needed to understand the materials they were working with (bone, wood, stone, etc.) and how they behaved in order to create successful tools.

7. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What do you know about the First Industrial Revolution? Why was it important? Why do we call it “the first?” (Q.2)

8. Neolithic Revolution1 st Industrial Revolution2 nd Industrial RevolutionDigital Revolution3 rd Industrial Revolution FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760) Imagebank Israel / Getty Images

9. Between the Neolithic Revolution and the First Industrial Revolution, there was technological progress, but nothing as sweeping as a revolution: Ancient Greek and Roman technology Medieval technology Renaissance technology The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed they way things were made with the introduction of coal-burning and steam power. The shift from personal to ‘collaborative’ fabrication -- based on machines -- increased speed and efficiency, and also had a profound impact on society, touching nearly every aspect of daily life. People began migrating to cities in greater numbers, and populations grew.

10. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What do you know about the Second Industrial Revolution? Why was it important? Why do we call it “the second?” (Q.2)

11. Neolithic Revolution1 st Industrial Revolution2 nd Industrial RevolutionDigital Revolution3 rd Industrial Revolution Ford and mass production, 1934 | Imagebank Israel / Getty Images SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1840)

12. This is an assembly line. The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution between 1840 and 1870. Developments of the Second Industrial Revolution include: The use of oil and electricity Mass production Mass-produced goods had to be simple and formatted economically. Two approaches to manufacturing were Fordism and Toyotism – The Fordism approach believes in redundancy; continuous manufacturing regardless of specific orders. The Toyotism approach allows a certain degree of customization; manufacturing begins when order is final. This does a better job of addressing the basic desire people have to Be part of the process Have personalized products -- things that express who they are Today both manufacturing methods are still in use, depending on the product. Today’s mass production and urban lifestyle is a product of the Second Industrial Revolution. The changes brought about by the Second Industrial Revolution live on to this day.

13. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What do you know about the Digital Revolution? Why was it important? Why do we call it a revolution? (Q.4)

14. Neolithic Revolution1 st Industrial Revolution2 nd Industrial RevolutionDigital Revolution3 rd Industrial Revolution THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION (1970) "Internet Map" by The Opte Project is licensed under CC-BY-2.5 via Wikimedia Commons Internet MapCC-BY-2.5Wikimedia CommonsInternet MapCC-BY-2.5Wikimedia Commons

15. This image is a visualization of information routing paths through a portion of the Internet. The Digital Revolution was characterized by: The shift from analog, mechanical, and electronic technology to digital technology. The widespread adoption of digital computers and digital record keeping. The widespread use and interconnectedness of networked devices. Once again, the social and economic impact has been profound.

16. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? How did it affect the work of designers, architects or engineers? (Q.5)

17. Neolithic Revolution1 st Industrial Revolution2 nd Industrial RevolutionDigital Revolution3 rd Industrial Revolution THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (2010)

18. The Third Industrial Revolution is a product of the Information Age, brought about by the Digital Revolution. It is characterized by: Digital manufacturing of custom products. Democratization of fabrication technology (i.e., 3D printers). Anyone can own and operate 3D printers. Anyone design and fabricate products. They can do it anywhere from factories to private homes. There’s no space limitation, so smaller-scale factories are emerging. Essentially, we’re returning to an era of personal fabrication.

19. So far we’ve reviewed the five major technological revolutions in human history. Now we’ll discuss the developments that have led to the re- emergence of personal fabrication.

20. IN THIS LESSON Technological revolutions from the Neolithic Revolution to the Third Industrial Revolution How the Digital Revolution led to the re-emergence of personal fabrication in the Information Age A vision for the future Note the following article for more information: http://www.economist.com/node/21552898 (Q.6 summarize the article in three sentences) http://www.economist.com/node/21552898

21. The Digital Revolution came about as the result of two parallel trends. Technological developments have made computers: Smarter, to the point where they can control machines with little or no human intervention. Simpler to use, to the point where anyone can use them. The following slides discuss specific technology.developments along these lines.

22. DIGITAL REVOLUTION PARALLEL TRENDS Smarter computers Can perform more tasks Can control machines People can easily operate Widespread use is possible Simpler-to-use computers

23. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.7)

24. ABACUS (FROM 2,700 BC)

25. The abacus was the first machine to help people calculate. It is considered the first computing tool. It works analogically and manually. This was a basic “computer” that was easily used by people.

26. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.8)

27. "Loom" by Steve.kimberley - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons LoomCC BY-SA 3.0 LoomCC BY-SA 3.0 JACQUARD LOOM (1801)

28. The Jacquard Loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, was the first numerically controlled (NC) machine. The loom machine was controlled by a chain of punched cards. The binary method allowed the machine to loom carpets with complex patterns using only 1’s and 0’s. This was a smarter computing machine, but required several professional people to operate from planning through production.

29. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.9)

30. "Difference engine" by Allan J. Cronin is licensed under CC-BY-SA-3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Difference engineCC-BY-SA-3.0Difference engineCC-BY-SA-3.0 Babbage Engine Computer History Museum http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/ THE BABBAGE ENGINE (1837)

31. A similar punched-card system was used by the first automatic computer. This also required several professional people to operate. It was extremely large and could only perform simple tasks that today our most basic machines can perform. (Q.9 – how many parts were required to build the Babbage Machine?

32. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.10)

33. "ENIAC-changing_a_tube" by M. Weik is in the public domain. ENIAC-changing_a_tube THE FIRST ELECTRONIC COMPUTER (1939)

34. Three machines have been promoted at various times as the first electronic computers. This image shows ENIAC. Early electronic computers used switches, in the form of vacuum tubes, instead of electromechanical relays. They also required professional people to operate. Vacuum-based computers were extremely large and could perform only moderately complex tasks. (Q.11 – What does the name ENIAC stand for?)

35. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.12)

36. THE PERSONAL COMPUTER Imagebank Israel / Getty Images

37. The PC brought the computer into private homes. Computers became smaller, smarter and easily used by non-professionals. The first PC was released to the market at the 1964 New York World's Fair http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_101 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer (Q.13) Sum up the 1964 Worlds Fair in three sentences)1964 New York World's Fair

38. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.14)

39. ACCESS TO DESIGN TOOLS Source: http://www.123dapp.com/ http://www.123dapp.com/

40. With the widespread use of personal computers, design tools grew more accessible and easy-to-use. Desktop publishing began in the mid-1980’s with hardware and software introduced by Apple, Aldus, Adobe and Hewlett Packard. Initially, design software was expensive and intended only for professionals, but it inevitably made its way to consumers. Today, we have 3D design software that paves the way for personal fabrication. It is widely accessible and sometimes even free. Some free software examples include 123D design, Tinkercad, 3Dtin, Blender, SketchUp, OpenSCAD, Processing. Many programs even work on mobile devices.

41. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.15)

42. ACCESSIBILITY

43. Computers have become portable. Applications are easy-to-use for non-professionals. In many cases, applications are even free.

44. The Digital Revolution came about as the result of two parallel trends. Technological developments have made computers: Smarter, to the point where they can control machines with little or no human intervention. Simpler to use, to the point where anyone can use them.

45. DIGITAL REVOLUTION PARALLEL TRENDS Smarter computers Can perform more tasks Can control machines People can easily operate Widespread use is possible Simpler-to-use computers

46. Can you explain what is shown in this picture? What is its connection to the two parallel processes? (Q.16)

47. THE HUMAN FACTOR

48. Technology alone could not bring about a re-emergence of personal fabrication. As humans, we have an innate need to develop and create new things. Consider the overwhelming success of social media, which relies on content created by everyday people. Blogs, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter

49. Every photo, video, music file or status update we download and share is made up of digital information. The most basic component of digital information is called a bit. Like early technologies we saw – even those that relied on punch cards – a bit is binary. It is a 1 or a 0 – on or off. In this new era of personal fabrication, we’re gaining the ability to create and share physical things. The most basic component of a physical thing is an atom. To explore the changing boundaries between computer science and physical science, MIT has established an interdisciplinary initiative called The Center for Bits and Atoms. Learn more: http://www.cba.mit.edu/about/index.html Recommended video: http://edge.org/conversation/personal- fabrication

50. PERSONAL FABRICATION

51. https://www.mathsisfun.com/binary-number- system.html https://www.mathsisfun.com/binary-number- system.html ( Q.17) Convert the following numbers to binary (7, 12, 5, 21, 16, 121, 81, 49, and 73)

52. IN THIS LESSON Technological advances from the Neolithic Revolution to the Third Industrial Revolution How the Digital Revolution led to the re-emergence of personal fabrication in the Information Age A vision for the future

53. We discussed several technological revolutions and human factors leading up to the re-emergence of personal fabrication. We will complete this lesson by discussing the role of designers and engineers in this new era. What will the factory of tomorrow look like? What will the economic impact be? What will be our role as designers and engineers?

54. Today’s supply chain is global, dispersed and fragmented. Design happens one place in the world. Raw materials are harvested somewhere else. Manufacturing happens somewhere else still. Additional assembly may happen in yet another location. Finished goods are shipped to warehouses for storage and distribution. Final purchase happens in yet another place.

55. The boomerang effect TODAY’S SUPPLY CHAIN

56. There are many “working hands” in the process. Materials must be shifted around the globe. Packaging cost and size must be considered. Pollution occurs in one place while the users are somewhere else, so the environmental impact is often invisible to the end consumer. Large factories are dedicated to producing a single product. The carbon footprint of this supply chain is huge.

57. What are the implications of this supply chain? (Q.18) Is this sustainable? (Q.19)

58. TODAY’S FACTORY

59. Can one machine be a factory? (Q.20)

60. With today’s fragmented supply chain, the same material – the same “atoms” – may cross the ocean several times on the path from raw material to finished product

61. TODAY’S SHIPPING

62. Can we fabricate locally and reduce production expenses, carbon footprint and manual labor? (Q.21)

63. THE FACTORY OF TOMORROW IS HERE

64. Today anyone can design using a PC. We’re gaining the ability to fabricate locally, using the nearest 3D printer or 3D production system. The additive process reduces material waste as well as the need for extensive human labor and assembly. This trend is growing. Pictured here is an additive manufacturing facility in Minnesota

65. PERSONAL FABRICATION Source: http://www.thingiverse.com/ http://www.thingiverse.com/

66. A growing number of applications enable individuals to download and share files to fabricate consumer goods locally.

67. If anyone can design and manufacture goods, what is your role in the process? (Q.22)

68. DESIGNERS’ ROLE IN THE PERSONAL FABRICATION ERA

69. As professionals who understand the technology, you can use its advantages to create more sophisticated, complex, diverse and economical products.

70. PARAMETRIC DESIGN Photo credit: Nervous System http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com

71. The role of designer is becoming similar to that of a programmer. Parametric design is a method in which the designer writes the rules, and individuals can customize within those rules. The designer decides: Which attributes (e.g., materials, geometries, weight or size) are fixed? Which are variable? What is the relationship between these attributes? Fixed attributes are called constraints. Variable attributes are called parameters. Parameters are powerful tools for controlling a series of design components. The behavior or form of each design component can be connected to the value of one or more variables.

72. (Q.23) Fixed attributes are called _________________________ (Q.24) Variable attributes are called ______________________.

73. The individual consumer designs within the designer’s rules to produce one of many possible outcomes. They can explore numerous design options based on the allowed variability. They can design their own custom products without design expertise. This enables mass customization in a way that has been possible before

74. Click the link at the bottom of the slide to show Nervous System web. http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com

75. Products are becoming personal again. Technology has enabled us to complete a circle from personal fabrication, to mass production and back to personal fabrication

76. Design: Ami Drach and Dov Ganchrow | 3D scanning: Dr. Leore Grosman at the Hebrew University Jerusalem's Institute of Archaeology | Photography: Moti Fishbain BACK TO THE FUTURE

77. IN THIS LESSON Technological advances from the Neolithic Revolution to the Third Industrial Revolution How the Digital Revolution led to the re-emergence of personal fabrication in the Information Age A vision for the future Something That Moves Something, created by Ohad Meyuhas, architect

78. In future lessons, you will be asked to design and manufacture products. Use your understanding of the manufacturing process and the advantages of the 3D printing, and work accordingly.

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80. Something That Moves Something, created by Ohad Meyuhas, architect Thank you.