1. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 1 Working With Type This file is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of no more than the life of the author plus 100 years.public domain

2. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 2 Working With Type Spacing: Kerning: Space between two letters. Most software automatically adjusts kerning now. Kerning must be reduced for some letter combinations. (Ta, Ye, AV) Tracking: Space uniformly between all characters in a line. (E x a m p l e) Leading: Space between lines of type, traditionally measured in points from baseline-to-baseline.

3. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 3 Working With Type Columns: Columns: Type is difficult to read if the line length is too long. The column width and line length are relative to the point size of the font. Column Gutter: (also called an Alley) Space between columns. Gutters: Combination of the inside margins of facing pages in double sided documents; it should be wide enough to accommodate binding. "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum." alley gutter "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse

4. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 4 Working With Type Paragraph Information: Clearly indicate paragraphs. The indent is the best method. When possible, set indent with software rather than tab key. The indent is optional for the first paragraph.

5. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 5 Working With Type Justification: Although in special situations, right justified, centered, and right-and-left justified are acceptable, they are usually difficult to read. Text justified on both the left and right sides often causes rivers and unusual spacing problems. For body text, use left justified; also called ragged right justification. Right adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse. Right adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse. Right and Left Justified adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse. Right and Left Justified adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse. Centered adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse. Centered adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse.

6. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 6 Working With Type Alignment Mistakes: Rivers: Spaces between words that create irregular lines of white space in body type, particularly occurs when the lines of type have been set with excessive word spacing. Orphans: The first line of a paragraph separated from the rest of the paragraph by a column or page break. Widows: Short last lines of paragraphs, usually unacceptable when separated from the rest of the paragraph by a column break, always unacceptable when separated by a page break.

7. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. 7 Working With Type Emphasis Mistakes: ALL CAPS: Using all capital letters for emphasis is generally a poor choice, because it is too ‘jarring’ aesthetically. Underscores: A holdover from typewriter days and should not be used very often, because the weight of the underscore line cannot be adjusted and it crashes into descenders. Consider using bold or italics instead for emphasis.