1. Altruism: Lecture #9 topics  Why do we help?  evolutionary & motivational factors  When do we help?  situational factors  Who do we help?  interpersonal factors

2. Altruism

4. Why do we help? EVOLUTIONARY REASONS ______ ______:  helping ______ relatives so that your common ______ will survive  e.g., squirrels warn nearby relatives of predators  we help others for our own ______ interests

5. Why do we help? ______ ______:  helping someone else ______ the chances that you’ll be helped in return  chimps share their food; freeloaders get punished  file-sharing services (e.g., Kazaa, Morpheus)  we help others for our own ______

6. Why do we help? MOTIVATIONAL REASONS  helping feels good  …especially if we feel ______ about something  helping is “the right thing to do”  it affirms our ______  beware of ______ ______: when helping others for personal gain is disguised as a moral act

7. Why do we help? Is it altruism…or egotism? Binti Jua with her daughter

8. Why do we help? EMPATHY perspective taking: _______ component; trying to see the world through another’s eyes empathic concern: _______ component; other-oriented feelings (sympathy, compassion, tenderness) EMPATHY-ALTRUISM HYPOTHESIS (Batson):

9. Why do we help?

11. The difference between altruists & egoists: HIGH LOW High empathyLow empathy % who helped Elaine Hard escape Easy escape

12. Why do we help? EGOTISTIC REASONS  we feel ______ if we feel empathy but don’t help  so we help to avoid those ______ feelings  helping makes a bad ______ better  empathy makes us ______, so we help to feel better  helping makes us ______  empathy makes us sensitive to the other person’s happiness after we’ve helped them

13. When do we help? Kitty Genovese

14. When do we help? SITUATIONAL FACTORS the bystander effect:  the presence of other people ______ helping  the ______ bystanders there are, the ______ likely it is that anyone will help

15. When do we help? deciding to intervene:  ______ that someone needs help  crowds may divert attention away from them  city dwellers are good at tuning out people needing help  ______ the situation as an emergency  ______ situations reduce the chances someone will help  we can look at how others are reacting, but ______ ______ can occur  e.g., Latane & Darley’s (1968) “smoky room” study

16. When do we help? deciding to intervene (cont’d):  taking ______  but who is responsible for providing help?  ______ ___ ______: belief that ______ in the crowd will/ should be responsible for intervening  most likely to occur under ______ conditions

17. When do we help? TIME PRESSURE when we’re hurried, we...:  are ______ & don’t notice people in need  are less likely to take responsibility for helping  decide that helping takes too much ______

18. When do we help? Darley & Batson’s (1973) “Good Samaritan” study: Ahead of schedule On timeRunning late % who stopped to help Ahead of schedule On time Running late

19. When do we help? social norms: general rules of conduct established by society  ______ – based on ______ ; quid-pro-quo transactions  ______ – based on the idea that the ______ should help the ______  ______ ______ – we have the duty to help others, especially those who need it most

20. Who do we help? INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCES  ______  we help the physically attractive  e.g., people were more likely to mail back good- looking applicant’s materials (Benson et al., 1976)  ______ of responsibility  we help people who help themselves  e.g., lending notes to a person who tries hard to take good notes