1. Displaced by the State: The Case of Resettlement Environment and Migration

2. Introduction: The Rebels of Vendée

10. Impacts & Population Displacement 10 Primary Climate Change Induces Displacement Impact (e.g. flood, sea level rise) resulting in migration Secondary Adaptation Related Infrastructure Induces Displacement e.g. Dam, dyke or water transfer canal construction Tertiary Displacement in anticipation of climate impacts In climate hot-spots e.g. Source: Castro et al. 2009 IHDP Open Meeting Presentation

11. 11 Climate-Demography Vulnerability Index Source: Samson, J., D. Berteaux, B.J. McGill and M.M. Humphries. 2011. Geographic disparities and moral hazards in the predicted impacts of climate change on human populations. Global Ecology and Biogeography http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00632.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00632.x

12. Likely Impacts of Climate Change Requiring Adaptation Infrastructure 12 ImpactPotential Adaptation Response Sea level rise, salt-water intrusion Sea walls, dykes, freshwater injection facilities Decreasing water availability, increasing droughts Dams, irrigation works, water transfer schemes, desalination plants Increasing water availability, increasing floods Dams, dykes, levees, flood control infrastructure

13. Climate Change Mitigation Projects 13 ObjectivePotential Mitigation Response Reduce GHG emissionsHydroelectric facilities, large-scale wind farms Develop biofuelsBiofuel plantations (jatropha, sugar cane, soy, corn) Increase “sinks” for GHGsForest plantations GeoengineeringInjecting H 2 S or SO 2 high in the stratosphere, tampering with ocean albedo, and possibly terrestrial

14. Resettlement Is Already Occurring Desertification  Inner Mongolia: China’s “ecological reinstallation” program aims to fight desertification in drought-prone grasslands by sedenterizing pastoralists River Basins/Coastal  Mekong: Vietnam has moved communities from river bank to areas further back  Zambezi: Mozambique has promoted voluntary resettlement from flood plain to higher ground  Alaska: Indigenous communities along the coast  Coastal Honduras: Garifuna communities settled inland  Murik Lakes, PNG: Failed resettlement related to SLR SISes  Maldives: Government promotes resettlement from outer islands to principal islands  Carteret Islands, PNG: Failed resettlement related to SLR  Kiribati: Buying land in Fiji 14

15. Learning from the Three-Gorges Dam

16. Needs (1) 1. Legal protections: Establish legal frameworks for climate change resettlement to protect welfare and human rights of affected populations 2. Participation: Involvement of affected communities, in both source and destination areas, in assessments and decisions regarding resettlement locations, compensation, and development programs 3. Equity: The process needs to be fair and equitable for the community, with every effort made to improve livelihoods 4. Capacity building: Interdisciplinary training for resettlement professionals that includes economics, anthropology, public health, and case studies 16

17. Needs (2) 5. Impact assessments: Baseline environmental, health, and social IAs to establish benchmarks for evaluating resettlement performance through monitoring and evaluation programs 6. Research: Research to adapt existing knowledge on resettlement to the special case of climate related resettlement, with particular reference to disaster-related resettlement and learning from incipient climate-related resettlement 7. Finance: Establishment of financial mechanisms for capacity building and anticipatory planning in developing countries exposed most to climate risks, with joint funding by donors and the exposed countries themselves, since many M&A projects will not generate revenues that could offset costs 17

18. Conclusions  Resettlement should be a last resort in climate adaptation, but the reality is that it is already occurring in some countries and this trend is likely to intensify.  We can learn from past mistakes  Managing risk is going to be increasingly central in a 2+ or 4+ degree world  Expect the unexpected: Many of the most damaging impacts of large infrastructure and DFDR are unforeseen  Need to evaluate pros and cons of different models  Laissez-faire approach (e.g. US post-Katrina, many developing countries)  Top-down “environmental migration” approach of China  Resettlement of refugee communities (US and Australia) 18