1. PHENIX Local Polarimeter PSTP 2007 at BNL September 11, 2007 Yuji Goto (RIKEN/RBRC)

2. September 11, 2007PSTP 20072 Local polarimeter One of the main goals of RHIC experiments is to determine polarized parton distribution functions by measuring double helicity asymmetries (A LL ) A LL measurements need longitudinally polarized proton-proton collisions Polarimeter at the collision point is necessary to confirm that beams are longitudinally polarized  local polarimeter

3. September 11, 2007PSTP 20073 Local polarimeter At RHIC, protons are stored with transverse polarization –monitored by the CNI polarimeter Spin rotator magnets rotate the proton polarization into the longitudinal direction at PHENIX and STAR collision points –monitored by the local polarimeter by using physics processes with left-right asymmetry (A N ) –IP12 experiment was performed in 2001-2002 to search for the physics processes with A N PHOBOS BRAHMS STAR PHENIX Spin Rotators Siberian Snakes RHIC CNI polarimeter

4. September 11, 2007PSTP 20074 IP12 experiment performed in 2001-2002 with  s = 200 GeV polarized proton collisions at the 12 o’clock collision point Blue beamyellow beam ～ 1800cm 10cm ±2.8mrad D x magnet EM Cal Neutron veto (plastic scinti.) Charged veto (plastic scinti.) hodoscope To measure Collision point Steel Hadron Cal Post shower counter Gamma veto (plastic scinti.) Lead block

5. September 11, 2007PSTP 20075 EM calorimeter Performance –calibrated in the electron beam at SLAC –  E/E ~ 10%/  E(GeV) for  –  x ~  y ~ 0.1 cm for  –  x ~  y ~ 0.5 cm for neutron

6. September 11, 2007PSTP 20076 Result Phys. Lett. B 650 (2007) 325. invariant mass of pairs of energy clusters

7. September 11, 2007PSTP 20077 Hadron calorimeter One ZDC prototype module (1/3 length) Performance –Energy is calibrated by using cosmic-ray data and simulation. –  E/E ~ 40-50% at E > 20 GeV –  x ~ 3 to 4 cm by the post shower counter

8. September 11, 2007PSTP 20078 Result Forward neutron –EMCal result A N =  0.090  0.006  0.009 –HCal result A N =  0.135  0.018 –consistent at the 2  -level  0 and photon –A N consistent with zero backward asymmetries –A N consistent with zero

9. September 11, 2007PSTP 20079 Neutron production in the forward region ISR experiments –p+p collisions at  s = 30~63 GeV –cross section of forward neutron production (p T ~0) has a peak at high x F ~ 0.8 –scaled by x F,  s independent Well described by the One Pion Exchange (OPE) model 9 xFxF Nucl. Phys. B109 (1976) 347-356

10. September 11, 2007PSTP 200710 Neutron production in the forward region Well described by the One Pion Exchange (OPE) model H1 and ZEUS experiments –e+p collisions at  s = 300 GeV –having a forward peak, too –pion structure function study x F scaling at RHIC energy? Eur.Phys.J.A7:109-119,2000 xFxF OPE model calculation

11. September 11, 2007PSTP 200711 PHENIX local polarimeter There have existed ZDCs (Zero Degree Calorimeter) to detect neutrons at PHENIX SMDs (Shower Maximum Detector) were added to measure the hit position of neutrons ZDC @ 18m away from the IP ZDC

12. September 11, 2007PSTP 200712 ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeter) ～ 1800cm 10cm ±2.8mrad beam hadron sampling calorimeter made of Tungsten plate and fibers 5.1λ T 149X 0 (3 ZDCs), Energy resolution ~ 20% @ 100GeV PHENIX Collision Point D x magnet blue beamyellow beam SOUTH ZDCNORTH ZDC  3 modules 

13. September 11, 2007PSTP 200713 2nd ZDC module SMD Shower Maximum Detector To measure the neutron hit position, SMDs (Shower Maximum Detector) were installed between 1 st and 2 nd modules of ZDC –arrays of plastic scintillators –giving a position by calculating the center of gravity of shower generating in the 1 st ZDC module –position resolution ~1cm @ 50GeV neutron (simulation study) x: segmented by 7 y: segmented by 8 150 Unit : mm 100 5 Hadron shower

14. September 11, 2007PSTP 200714 Cross section Coarse cross section result is consistent with ISR data No indication of violation of x F scaling at higher energy –integrated p T region: 0 < p T < 0.11 x F GeV/c in each point –p T distribution assuming the ISR result

15. September 11, 2007PSTP 200715 x F -dependence of A N Smearing effect is evaluated by simulation. For asymmetry calculation, square root formula is used. neutron charged particles Expected mean p T are estimated by simulation assuming ISR p T distribution. xFxF Expected mean p T (GeV/c) 0.4~0.60.088 0.6~0.80.118 0.8~1.00.144 Pol.~48%

16. September 11, 2007PSTP 200716 Spin rotator commissioning in 2003 run BlueYellowBlueYellowBlueYellow P B =35.5%P B =37% Spin Rotators OFF Spin Rotators ON Correct Current ! Spin Rotators ON Current Reversed transversely-polarized proton collisions radially-polarized proton collisions longitudinally-polarized proton collisions

17. September 11, 2007PSTP 200717 Remaining transverse component of the longitudinally polarized beam Run3 (2003)Run5 (2005) evaluated by measuring a small remaining A N fill-by-fill analysis and fitting Blue beam LRUDLRUD Blue beam Yellow beam LRUDLRUD Yellow beam

18. September 11, 2007PSTP 200718 BBC asymmetry coincidence with neutron production PHENIX BBC –quartz Cherenkov counters –segmented by 64 on each side NorthSouth 144.35 cm ⊿ φ = 2π

19. September 11, 2007PSTP 200719 BBC asymmetry Forward neutron, forward BBC, left-right –(  4.50  0.50  0.22)  10 -2 Forward neutron, backward BBC, left-right –(2.28  0.55  0.10)  10 -2 –No significant asymmetry in backward neutron tagged data or in top-bottom asymmetry. –Systematic error doesn’t include A N CNI error p N*(  *)  n+X Y asymmetry from diffractive-like scattering process A N (X) 0 p n X asymmetry from fragmentation process (kick-out/recoil picture) A N (X) > 0, A N (Y)??

20. September 11, 2007PSTP 200720 Summary We discovered a large neutron single spin asymmetry (A N ~  10%) in forward production of p+p collision at IP12 experiment (2001-2002) PHENIX local polarimeter is configured by ZDC for neutron detection and SMD for hit position measurement Local polarimeter have successfully been monitoring how well the proton beam is longitudinally polarized at the collision point by measuring the neutron asymmetry at PHENIX We are measuring x F dependence of cross section and asymmetries to understand the production mechanism of the forward neutron BBC asymmetry with forward neutron production is also interesting for the local polarimeter and to understand the production mechanism

21. Backup slides

22. September 11, 2007PSTP 200722  -dependence of AN Smearing effect is evaluated by simulation For asymmetry calculation, square root formula is used Pol.~48% 22 Without MinbiasWith Minbias LARGER neutron charged particles

23. September 11, 2007PSTP 200723 Asymmetry at other energies sqrt(s)=62.4 GeVsqrt(s)=410 GeV