1. BZUPAGES.COM NAZISH YAQOOB ROLL# 07-11 TOPIC Alternative work arrangements Ability and opportunity Employee Involvement

2. BZUPAGES.COM Alternative work arrangements To making work environment more motivating is to alter work arrangements. With advance in technology it is more popular. There are three types of work arrangements Flextime Job sharing telecommuting

3. BZUPAGES.COM Flextime It is flexible work hours. It allows employees some discretion over when they arrive at work or when the leave. The proportion of full time U.S employees on flextime more than doubled between the late 1980s to 2005. 43% U.S has flexibility in their daily arrival and departure times.

4. BZUPAGES.COM Benefits of flextime Reduce absenteeism Increased productivity Reduce overtime expense Reduce traffic congestion around the work Increased autonomy and responsibility that increase employee job satisfaction

5. BZUPAGES.COM Drawbacks It is not applicable to all jobs. It is not viable for receptionists, sales personnel in retail stores

6. BZUPAGES.COM Job sharing An arrangements that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job. 31% organization allow their employee job sharing. Job sharing allows an organization to draw on talents of more than one individual on a given job. It also opens the opportunity to acquire skilled worker.

7. BZUPAGES.COM Benefits of job sharing Job sharing increases flexibility. Increase motivation and satisfaction

8. BZUPAGES.COM DrawbackDrawback Job sharing drawback from management prospective is finding compatible pairs of employees who can successfully coordinate in the one job.

9. BZUPAGES.COM Telecommuting Working from home at least two days a week on a computer that is linked to the employee’s office. Virtual office the term closely related to this is increasingly being used to describe employees who work out of their home on a relatively permanent basis. Recent estimate indicate that between 9 million or 24 million people telecommute in the U.S.

10. BZUPAGES.COM The organization that actively encourage telecommuting include AT&TIBM American express Hewlett-Packard In Finland 17%,sweden 15%,Britain 8%,Germeny 6% use telecommuting.

11. BZUPAGES.COM Types of telecommuting What kind of jobs lend themselves to telecommute? The three categories have been identified 1) Routine-information-handling tasks 2) Mobile activities 3) Professional and other job related tasks

12. BZUPAGES.COM Positive impact on management Telecommuting for management include a large labor pool from which to select higher productivity, less turnover, improved morale and reduce office space-cost. DRAWBACK DRAWBACK The downside in management is to less direct supervision of employees.

13. BZUPAGES.COM Ability and opportunity Ability is an individual capacity to perform various tasks on a job. A popular and simplest way of thinking about employee performance is as a function. Performance = f (A*M)

14. BZUPAGES.COM Opportunity to perform Absence of obstacles that constraints the employee performance.High level of performance are partially a function of the opportunity to perform. Performance= f (A*M*O)

15. BZUPAGES.COM Employee Involvement A participative process that uses the input of employees and intended to increase employee commitment to organization success.

16. BZUPAGES.COM Examples of employee involvement programs There are three major forms of employee involvement. 1) Participative management 2) Representative participation 3) Quality circle

17. BZUPAGES.COM Participative management A process in which subordinate share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors. It has been promoted as a panacea for a poor morale and low productivity. Research shows that participation typically has only a modest influence on variables such as employee productivity, motivation and job satisfaction.

18. BZUPAGES.COM Representative participation A system in which workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees. Representative participation has been called “the most widely legislated form of employee involvement around the world”.

19. BZUPAGES.COM Goal of representative participation The goal of representative participation is to redistribute power within an organization. Putting labor on a more equal footing with the interests of management and stockholders.

20. BZUPAGES.COM Forms of representative participation There are two most common forms of representative participation 1) Work councils 2) Board representative

21. BZUPAGES.COM Work councils Work councils are group of nominated or elected employees who must be consulted when management make decision involving personnel. They are dominated by management and have little impact on employees or organization.

22. BZUPAGES.COM Board representative Board representative are employees who sit on a company board of directors and represent the interest of the forms employees.

23. BZUPAGES.COM Quality circles A work group of employee who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems, investigate causes, recommend solutions and take corrective actions.

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