2. Unit Ten: Personality

3. What is Personality? Definition Definition A relatively enduring set of behavioral, emotional and mental characteristics A relatively enduring set of behavioral, emotional and mental characteristics remains relatively stable over time remains relatively stable over time makes each of us unique makes each of us unique Begin Lec. 1 Guide

4. Enduring Issues in Psychology Nature vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture Is personality genetically encoded or learned? Is personality genetically encoded or learned?

5. Enduring Issues in Psychology Unconscious or Conscious? Unconscious or Conscious? Do you know why you do what you do? Do you know why you do what you do?

6. Enduring Issues in Psychology Fixed vs. Situational Fixed vs. Situational Is personality stable or does it change from situation to situation? Is personality stable or does it change from situation to situation?

7. Sigmund Freud Background Victorian Era Victorian Era A time of repression A time of repression Rigid gender roles - separate spheres for males and females Rigid gender roles - separate spheres for males and females Clothing restricted movement and covered head to toe Clothing restricted movement and covered head to toe Rumors said people were even scandalized by bare table and piano legs! Rumors said people were even scandalized by bare table and piano legs! Queen Victoria of England Hot.

8. Sigmund Freud Background Personal History Personal History Remarriage of his father Remarriage of his father Older half-brothers Older half-brothers Young, doting mother Young, doting mother “Golden Sigi” “Golden Sigi” Favored over his other siblings Favored over his other siblings ABOVE: Freud and his Dad. BELOW: Freud and his Mom

9. Sigmund Freud Three Main Beliefs Childhood experiences determine the adult personality Childhood experiences determine the adult personality Unconscious mental processes influence everyday behavior Unconscious mental processes influence everyday behavior Conflict causes most human behavior Conflict causes most human behavior

10. Sigmund Freud 3-Part Theory of Personality Structure Part 1: The Id Part 1: The Id Born with this intact Born with this intact Governed by “Pleasure Principle” Governed by “Pleasure Principle” Houses unconscious drives of sex (libido) and aggression Houses unconscious drives of sex (libido) and aggression Selfish, irrational, seeks instant gratification Selfish, irrational, seeks instant gratification DO IT NOW!

11. Sigmund Freud 3-Part Theory of Personality Structure Part 2: The Superego Part 2: The Superego Develops during childhood (6 years) Develops during childhood (6 years) Governed by “Judicial” or “Moral Principle” Governed by “Judicial” or “Moral Principle” The internalized parent The internalized parent Seeks to do what is right and good (conscience) Seeks to do what is right and good (conscience) Causes us to feel guilty for our desires/id impulses Causes us to feel guilty for our desires/id impulses Behave!

12. Sigmund Freud 3-Part Theory of Personality Structure Part 3: The Ego Part 3: The Ego Develops during childhood (6 months) Develops during childhood (6 months) Governed by “Reality Principle” Governed by “Reality Principle” Seeks to gratify Id urges at an appropriate time Seeks to gratify Id urges at an appropriate time Inherits inevitable anxiety produced by Id-Superego conflict Inherits inevitable anxiety produced by Id-Superego conflict ?

13. Sigmund Freud Evidence for Existence of the Unconscious Dream Interpretation Dream Interpretation Dreams allow unconscious urges to leak out Dreams allow unconscious urges to leak out Dreams allow unconscious wishes to be fulfilled in a safe way Dreams allow unconscious wishes to be fulfilled in a safe way Dreams are symbolic and may be interpreted Dreams are symbolic and may be interpreted

14. Sigmund Freud Evidence for Existence of the Unconscious “Slip of the tongue” “Slip of the tongue” AKA “Freudian Slip” AKA “Freudian Slip” Your unconscious thoughts leak out and you say something you did not mean to Your unconscious thoughts leak out and you say something you did not mean to

15. Sigmund Freud Evidence for Existence of the Unconscious Free Association Free Association Freudian therapeutic technique Freudian therapeutic technique Say whatever comes to mind without censorship Say whatever comes to mind without censorship Unconscious comes to the surface Unconscious comes to the surface

16. Sigmund Freud Evidence for Existence of the Unconscious “Tip of the Iceberg” “Tip of the Iceberg” Freudian saying that implies we are unaware of most of what motivates us Freudian saying that implies we are unaware of most of what motivates us What is conscious is just the “tip of the iceberg” What is conscious is just the “tip of the iceberg” A LOT more is beneath the surface A LOT more is beneath the surface S’up. What we are aware of at any given time. What we can easily retrieve What we are unaware of and is deeply buried

17. Sigmund Freud The Psychosexual Stages Oral Stage (0-1.5) Oral Stage (0-1.5) Erogenous Zone=Mouth Erogenous Zone=Mouth Libido satisfied by breast feeding Libido satisfied by breast feeding Major conflict: weaning Major conflict: weaning Failure to resolve the issue leads to an oral fixation Failure to resolve the issue leads to an oral fixation Suck/chew things for security Suck/chew things for security Smoking, obsessive eating, nail biting, pen chewing, drinking Smoking, obsessive eating, nail biting, pen chewing, drinking Sarcasm, aggressiveness Sarcasm, aggressiveness

18. Sigmund Freud The Psychosexual Stages Anal Stage (1.5-3) Anal Stage (1.5-3) Erogenous Zone=Anus Erogenous Zone=Anus Libido satisfied by defecating Libido satisfied by defecating Major conflict: toilet training Major conflict: toilet training Failure to resolve the issue leads to an anal fixation Failure to resolve the issue leads to an anal fixation Anal Retentive - tightly controlled, OCD, fear of dirt, obsessed with punctuality Anal Retentive - tightly controlled, OCD, fear of dirt, obsessed with punctuality Anal Expulsive - messy, disorganized, rebellious, overly giving, obsession with bathroom humor Anal Expulsive - messy, disorganized, rebellious, overly giving, obsession with bathroom humor I refuse!

19. Sigmund Freud The Psychosexual Stages Phallic Stage (4-6) BOYS Phallic Stage (4-6) BOYS Erogenous Zone=Penis Erogenous Zone=Penis Libido satisfied by genital stimulation Libido satisfied by genital stimulation Oedipus Complex Oedipus Complex Boy desires mother, wants to eliminate father Boy desires mother, wants to eliminate father Resolved through castration anxiety, where boy fears father will find out about his plan and cut “it” off Resolved through castration anxiety, where boy fears father will find out about his plan and cut “it” off Boy relinquishes desire for mom and befriends dad out of fear Boy relinquishes desire for mom and befriends dad out of fear HA! WT*!! AHA!! Uh-oh

20. Sigmund Freud The Psychosexual Stages Phallic Stage (4-6) GIRLS Phallic Stage (4-6) GIRLS Erogenous Zone=Clitoris Erogenous Zone=Clitoris Libido satisfied by genital stimulation Libido satisfied by genital stimulation Oedipus Complex Oedipus Complex Resolved FAST due to PENIS ENVY Resolved FAST due to PENIS ENVY Girl then seeks penis through father during Electra Complex Girl then seeks penis through father during Electra Complex Girl resolves this by replacing her desire for a penis with her desire for a baby and plays with dolls Girl resolves this by replacing her desire for a penis with her desire for a baby and plays with dolls WHAT!? Take That! Nope. You don’t have one. MUAHAHAHA HAHAHAHA!

21. Sigmund Freud The Psychosexual Stages Phallic Stage (4-6) Phallic Stage (4-6) Major conflict: relinquishing desire for opposite sex parent Major conflict: relinquishing desire for opposite sex parent Failure to resolve the issue leads to fixation Failure to resolve the issue leads to fixation Excessive masturbation, overly flirtatious Excessive masturbation, overly flirtatious Excessive modesty, or excessively timid Excessive modesty, or excessively timid Overly proud Overly proud Promiscuous Promiscuous

22. Sigmund Freud The Psychosexual Stages Latency (7-11) Latency (7-11) Erogenous Zone=NONE Erogenous Zone=NONE Child goes to school Child goes to school Sexual feelings repressed Sexual feelings repressed Child develops academic, social and extracurricular skills Child develops academic, social and extracurricular skills Typically plays in same-sex play groups Typically plays in same-sex play groups

23. Sigmund Freud The Psychosexual Stages Genital (puberty on) Genital (puberty on) Erogenous Zone=Penis/Vagina Erogenous Zone=Penis/Vagina Begins when child hits puberty/sexual maturity Begins when child hits puberty/sexual maturity Normal sexual relationships occur at this stage Normal sexual relationships occur at this stage Hi, I’m your dad! No he’s not.

24. Sigmund Freud The Defense Mechanisms The inevitable conflict between id and superego produces anxiety. The inevitable conflict between id and superego produces anxiety. This anxiety is inherited by the ego, which uses the defense mechanisms to better manage it. This anxiety is inherited by the ego, which uses the defense mechanisms to better manage it.

25. Sigmund Freud The Defense Mechanisms Denial (Negation) Denial (Negation) Refusal to acknowledge a painful reality Refusal to acknowledge a painful reality Repression Repression Unpleasant thoughts are excluded from consciousness; “motivated forgetting” Unpleasant thoughts are excluded from consciousness; “motivated forgetting” Projection Projection Attributing one’s own feelings, motives, or wishes to others Attributing one’s own feelings, motives, or wishes to others Identification Identification Taking on the characteristics of other to avoid feeling incompetent Taking on the characteristics of other to avoid feeling incompetent Regression Regression Reverting to childlike behavior Reverting to childlike behavior Rationalization Rationalization Making up a logical explanation for an emotionally painful event rather than dealing with the pain Making up a logical explanation for an emotionally painful event rather than dealing with the pain

26. Sigmund Freud The Defense Mechanisms Intellectualization Intellectualization Thinking about stressful problems in an abstract way to detach oneself from them Thinking about stressful problems in an abstract way to detach oneself from them Reaction formation Reaction formation Expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that are opposite of true feelings Expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that are opposite of true feelings Displacement Displacement Shift repressed motives from an original object to a substitute object Shift repressed motives from an original object to a substitute object Sublimation Sublimation Redirecting repressed motives and feelings into socially acceptable activities Redirecting repressed motives and feelings into socially acceptable activities Undoing Undoing After-the-fact defense mechanism involving “making up” for guilt- producing actions After-the-fact defense mechanism involving “making up” for guilt- producing actions

27. Neo Freudians General Themes The Neo-Freudians were a group of psychologists who followed Freud’s teachings and were often his best and brightest students. The Neo-Freudians were a group of psychologists who followed Freud’s teachings and were often his best and brightest students. They eventually had some minor disagreements with Freud about his theory, and developed theories of their own. They eventually had some minor disagreements with Freud about his theory, and developed theories of their own. Freud had little patience for these dissenters, and quickly kicked them to the curb. Freud had little patience for these dissenters, and quickly kicked them to the curb. Begin Lec. 2 Guide

28. Neo Freudians Alfred Adler He was the younger, “weaker” son in his family He was the younger, “weaker” son in his family Inferiority was the key to understanding personality Inferiority was the key to understanding personality Inferiority complex Inferiority complex Fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that can lead to emotional and social paralysis Fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that can lead to emotional and social paralysis Fictional Finalism Fictional Finalism Setting long-term goals that may never be reached, but help you to achieve a sense of satisfaction along the way Setting long-term goals that may never be reached, but help you to achieve a sense of satisfaction along the way

29. Neo Freudians Alfred Adler Birth Order Birth Order Oldest Oldest Middle Middle Youngest Youngest Only Only Dethronement Dethronement When the next child is born, the older one is forced to share parental attention When the next child is born, the older one is forced to share parental attention Compensation Compensation Our efforts to win back parental love after dethronement Our efforts to win back parental love after dethronement

30. Neo Freudians Karen Horney (Horn-EYE!) One of the first female psychoanalysts to study with Freud. One of the first female psychoanalysts to study with Freud. Got divorced to pursue her career – rare at the time! Got divorced to pursue her career – rare at the time! Viewed anxiety as a powerful motivating force Viewed anxiety as a powerful motivating force Environmental and social factors important seen as being as important as unconscious sexual conflict Environmental and social factors important seen as being as important as unconscious sexual conflict

31. Neo Freudians Karen Horney Developed Coping Mechanisms to deal with insecurity Developed Coping Mechanisms to deal with insecurity Compliance – moving toward others Compliance – moving toward others Aggression – moving against others Aggression – moving against others Withdrawal – moving away from others Withdrawal – moving away from others Neurotic trends Neurotic trends Irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems Irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems

32. Neo Freudians Carl Jung One of Freud’s best students – his “surrogate son” One of Freud’s best students – his “surrogate son” Freud was said to have fainted in his presence several times! Freud was said to have fainted in his presence several times! Believed in the collective unconscious, in addition to the personal unconscious Believed in the collective unconscious, in addition to the personal unconscious Collective unconscious was comprised of archetypes Collective unconscious was comprised of archetypes

33. Neo Freudians Erik Erikson Another of Freud’s best students and biggest advocates Another of Freud’s best students and biggest advocates Strayed from Freud’s theory due to disagreement with the psychosexual stages Strayed from Freud’s theory due to disagreement with the psychosexual stages Erikson believed in the psychosocial stages which involved a series of conflicts that lasted throughout the entire lifespan Erikson believed in the psychosocial stages which involved a series of conflicts that lasted throughout the entire lifespan Trust vs. mistrust Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Generativity vs. stagnation Ego integrity vs. despair Ego integrity vs. despair

34. Personality Assessment: Psychodynamic Theories Projective tests Projective tests Ambiguous stimuli presented to subject/client Ambiguous stimuli presented to subject/client Open-ended – no “correct” answer Open-ended – no “correct” answer Answers are interpreted by therapist for underlying meaning Answers are interpreted by therapist for underlying meaning Preferred by psychodynamic theorists to unleash the unconscious Preferred by psychodynamic theorists to unleash the unconscious Examples Examples Rorschach test Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

35. Personality Assessment: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Developed by Henry Murray in 1935 Developed by Henry Murray in 1935 Examiner chooses 10 cards with ambiguous black-and-white drawings of people in various situations Examiner chooses 10 cards with ambiguous black-and-white drawings of people in various situations Subjects must tell a story about each card Subjects must tell a story about each card Results analyzed based on need for achievement, affiliation, and aggression Results analyzed based on need for achievement, affiliation, and aggression Heroes, needs, themes and outcomes of the stories provide insight Heroes, needs, themes and outcomes of the stories provide insight Relies too much on the examiner’s interpretation – little reliability/validity Relies too much on the examiner’s interpretation – little reliability/validity

36. Personality Assessment: RorschachTest Developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 Developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921 10 inkblots – 5 color, 5 bw 10 inkblots – 5 color, 5 bw Subjects describe all 10 inkblots Subjects describe all 10 inkblots Examiner then goes through cards again and asks questions for clarification/detail Examiner then goes through cards again and asks questions for clarification/detail Provides subject with considerable freedom to respond, but lacks reliability and validity. Provides subject with considerable freedom to respond, but lacks reliability and validity.

37. Assessing Psychodynamic Theories of Personality Strengths Strengths Early experiences shape personality and these should be studied from a developmental perspective Early experiences shape personality and these should be studied from a developmental perspective Human emotion and motivation are important in understanding personality Human emotion and motivation are important in understanding personality Concept of the unconscious Concept of the unconscious Therapeutic techniques Therapeutic techniques Criticisms Criticisms Untestable Data to support this theory comes primarily from case studies based on the memories of clients, which we know can be flawed Pessimistic outlook on human nature Sexist/biased against women

38. Humanistic Theories As you already know, these theories stress the potential for human goodness and the natural desire to achieve personal goals As you already know, these theories stress the potential for human goodness and the natural desire to achieve personal goals Unlike psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories give individuals the power to control their own destiny Unlike psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories give individuals the power to control their own destiny Representatives include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Representatives include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Begin Lec. 3 Guide

39. Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow

40. Humanistic Theories Carl Rogers Behavior is goal-directed and worthwhile Behavior is goal-directed and worthwhile Positive Regard Positive Regard Conditional – you are only loved when you conform to others’ wishes Unconditional – you are loved no matter what choices you make Positive regard impacts personality and happiness Positive regard impacts personality and happiness Real self – what you really are Ideal self – what you want to be Should have some overlap – you will if you get unconditional positive regard! REAL SELF IDEAL SELF

41. Trait and Type Theories Personality is best explained in terms of descriptive adjectives and categories comprised of related qualities Personality is best explained in terms of descriptive adjectives and categories comprised of related qualities Earliest of all types of personality theories Earliest of all types of personality theories Representatives include Hippocrates and Galen, Allport and Eysenck Representatives include Hippocrates and Galen, Allport and Eysenck

42. Trait and Type Theories The Four Humors The oldest theory of personality structure dating back to the Classical period (400 BCE) The oldest theory of personality structure dating back to the Classical period (400 BCE) Personality can be explained by the amounts of the four body fluids you have at a given time Personality can be explained by the amounts of the four body fluids you have at a given time A healthy personality meant a balance of these body fluids (humors) A healthy personality meant a balance of these body fluids (humors)

43. Trait and Type Theories The Four Humors Image from the Middle Ages depicting the personality types associated with the four humors. Image from the Middle Ages depicting the personality types associated with the four humors. Top Left (A): Melancholic (Black Bile) moody, glum Top Right (B): Choleric (Yellow Bile) irritable and hot tempered Bottom Right (C): Phlegmatic (Phlegm) slow and droopy Bottom Left (D): Sanguine (Red Bile) happy, energetic, passionate A B DC

44. Trait and Type Theories Gordon Allport Allport perused the dictionary to extract every possible adjective that could be used to describe personality Allport perused the dictionary to extract every possible adjective that could be used to describe personality After finding several thousand words, he decided this task was…overwhelming After finding several thousand words, he decided this task was…overwhelming He decided to describe personality in terms of three types of traits He decided to describe personality in terms of three types of traits Cardinal Traits – DEFINING trait Cardinal Traits – DEFINING trait Central Traits – top 8-10 descriptives Central Traits – top 8-10 descriptives Secondary Traits – situational descriptives Secondary Traits – situational descriptives

45. Trait and Type Theories Gordon Allport Your assignment tonight should look like THIS Your assignment tonight should look like THIS It SHOULD NOT have your name on it! It SHOULD NOT have your name on it! Typed, 12-point, black ink TIMES ROMAN font Typed, 12-point, black ink TIMES ROMAN font Bring it TOMORROW! Bring it TOMORROW! ALLPORT ANALYSIS Cardinal Trait: (your DEFINING TRAIT) 1. Central Traits: (one word – top 7 words that describe you all the time) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Secondary Traits: (these should be phrases that describe you in a particular situation) 1. 2. 3.

46. Trait and Type Theories Hans Eysenck Eysenck evaluated personality based on 3 major dimensions: Eysenck evaluated personality based on 3 major dimensions: Stable vs. Unstable (Neurotic) Stable vs. Unstable (Neurotic) Are you predictable? Are you predictable? Are you sponteneous? Are you sponteneous? Introverted vs. Extroverted Introverted vs. Extroverted Are you social and outgoing? Are you social and outgoing? Are you reserved? Are you reserved? Psychoticism Psychoticism Are you EXTREMELY stable, unstable, introverted or extroverted? Are you EXTREMELY stable, unstable, introverted or extroverted?

47. Trait and Type Theories Big Five The “Big Five” traits currently thought to be central to describing personality (OCEAN) The “Big Five” traits currently thought to be central to describing personality (OCEAN) Openness Openness Will you try new things? Do you keep an open mind? Are you intelligent? Will you try new things? Do you keep an open mind? Are you intelligent? Conscientiousness Conscientiousness Are you goal directed and driven? Are you goal directed and driven? Extroversion Extroversion Are you outgoing? Are you outgoing? Agreeableness Agreeableness Are you a peace-maker or a trouble-maker? Are you a peace-maker or a trouble-maker? Neuroticism/stability Neuroticism/stability Are you predictable? Do you enjoy routine? Are you predictable? Do you enjoy routine?

48. Trait and Type Theories Big Five Open to new experiences… Open to new experiences… NOT open… NOT open… Why not try eating spiders? I’m not eating that! Hmpf!

49. Trait and Type Theories Big Five Conscientious… Conscientious… Undirected… Undirected… I am working ‘til it’s DONE! Whatever…

50. Trait and Type Theories Big Five Introvert! Introvert! Extrovert! Extrovert! Yeeeehaw! I hate people.

51. Trait and Type Theories Big Five Agreeable… Agreeable… Antagonistic… Antagonistic… I am gonna kick you’re a**! Break it up!

52. Trait and Type Theories Big Five Stable, Predictable… Stable, Predictable… Unpredictable, Neurotic… Unpredictable, Neurotic… I may fetch…then again, I may maul you to death… Did someone touch my book!?!?!?!

53. Behaviorist Theories Behaviorist theories claim that personality is formed through environmental stimuli – reinforcement and punishment. Behaviorist theories claim that personality is formed through environmental stimuli – reinforcement and punishment. Example psychologists include Albert Bandura, John Watson and B.F. Skinner Example psychologists include Albert Bandura, John Watson and B.F. Skinner

54. Behaviorist Theories Albert Bandura Bandura believed people will imitate what they see others doing without being directly reinforced. Bandura believed people will imitate what they see others doing without being directly reinforced. He called this theory observational learning theory He called this theory observational learning theory His famous study was called the Bobo Doll Study pictured here… His famous study was called the Bobo Doll Study pictured here…

55. Behaviorist Theories Classical Conditioning Some behaviorists like Watson and Pavlov believed aspects of personality could be learned simply by pairing stimuli together Some behaviorists like Watson and Pavlov believed aspects of personality could be learned simply by pairing stimuli together Watson proved this in his Baby Albert experiment Watson proved this in his Baby Albert experiment

56. Behaviorist Theories Operant Conditioning Some behaviorists like Skinner believed that personality could be learned by being reinforced or punished for certain behaviors. Some behaviorists like Skinner believed that personality could be learned by being reinforced or punished for certain behaviors. You will NOT swear, Johnny! !@*#$ #$%$!

57. Cognitive Theories Cognitive theorists believe that personality is primarily a function of of thoughts and thought processes. Cognitive theorists believe that personality is primarily a function of of thoughts and thought processes. Example cognitive theorists include Bandura, Rotter and Mischel Example cognitive theorists include Bandura, Rotter and Mischel

58. Cognitive Theories Julian Rotter Rotter was a cognitive theorist who developed the concept of locus of control. Rotter was a cognitive theorist who developed the concept of locus of control. People tend to have either an internal or external locus of control. People tend to have either an internal or external locus of control. Internal Locus of Control – things that happen in your life are a result of your own actions. Internal Locus of Control – things that happen in your life are a result of your own actions. E.g. “I made varsity because I spent the whole off-season training to do so!” E.g. “I made varsity because I spent the whole off-season training to do so!” External Locus of Control – things that happen in your life are a result of forces beyond your control. External Locus of Control – things that happen in your life are a result of forces beyond your control. E.g. “I made varsity because my horoscope said I would have a lucky day!” E.g. “I made varsity because my horoscope said I would have a lucky day!”

59. Cognitive Theories Albert Bandura Bandura, who also could be considered a cognitive theorist, believed that Bandura, who also could be considered a cognitive theorist, believed that self efficacy was important in understanding personality. Self efficacy is defined as one’s belief that they will be successful in the things they do. Individuals with a higher sense of self efficacy tend to be happier and more successful. Interestingly, girls’ sense of self efficacy tends to drop when they hit puberty. Why?

60. Cognitive Theories Walter Mischel Mischel believed in the concept of self- regulation. Mischel believed in the concept of self- regulation. This accounts for the fact that people often change their personality depending on the situation they are in. This accounts for the fact that people often change their personality depending on the situation they are in. In the process of self-regulation, people change their actions and responses on the basis of past experiences as well as an assessment of the current situation. In the process of self-regulation, people change their actions and responses on the basis of past experiences as well as an assessment of the current situation.

61. Personality Assessment: How do we measure personality? Objective tests – Standardized, closed-ended Objective tests – Standardized, closed-ended Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Cattell’s 16PF) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (Cattell’s 16PF) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory Preferred by trait and type theorists Preferred by trait and type theorists Projective tests – Ambiguous stimuli Projective tests – Ambiguous stimuli Rorschach test Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Preferred by psychodynamic theorists to unleash the unconscious Preferred by psychodynamic theorists to unleash the unconscious

62. Personality Assessment The personal interview/Assessment interview The personal interview/Assessment interview 1 to 1 direct questioning 1 to 1 direct questioning Direct observation/Naturalistic Observation Direct observation/Naturalistic Observation As previously discussed, can get very honest information As previously discussed, can get very honest information Self Monitoring Self Monitoring Method of personality regulation used when you want to change an aspect of your personality Method of personality regulation used when you want to change an aspect of your personality Record all thoughts and behaviors surrounding a behavioral pattern you want to change to try to eliminate triggers Record all thoughts and behaviors surrounding a behavioral pattern you want to change to try to eliminate triggers Neuropsychological Assessment Neuropsychological Assessment Use technology to monitor brain activity during certain behaviors or thought processes to understand organic causes of personality traits Use technology to monitor brain activity during certain behaviors or thought processes to understand organic causes of personality traits