1. What are the functions of the Nervous System? _____ ________ (environment & self) Conduct ________ _________ & __________ impulses (stimuli) __________ BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I

2. What are the functions of the Nervous System? Out of this comes _________, & ability to ___________

3. How is the Nervous System organized? ________ ______ _____ ________ ______ _____ Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 43: ( ___ cranial & ___ spinal nerves)

4. How is the Nervous System organized? CNS ____ Afferent _________ Somatic ____________ Sympathetic _____________

5. What are the Structural/functional units of the Nervous System? Nerve cells ~ _______ Maintaining cells ~ ______ ______ Neuron anatomy: ___________________ ____________ _________

6. What are the different types of Neurons? Structural types: ________ ______ ________ Functional types: Association ~ Interneurons Afferent ~ Sensory neurons Efferent ~ Motor neurons

7. What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish? ___________: control substances entering/leaving CSF Associated with _______________ which is formed by endothelial cells of blood vessels.

8. _______________: Line the ventricles (cavities) of CNS, create cerebral spinal fluid and aid in its circulation. What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

9. _____________: Small specialized macrophages that are attracted to areas of damage in the CNS and phagocytize debris What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

10. ________________: Cells in the CNS that have multiple extensions that wrap around multiple axons forming myelin sheaths. What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

11. _______________: Cells in the PNS that wrap around single axons forming myelin sheaths. The gaps in between Schwann cells are called ______ __ ___________ What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish?

12. What are the differences between Myelinated and Unmyelinated Neurons? _______________: Action potential occurs along entire plasma membrane… ________ _______________: Action potentials jump from one node to the next… _________

13. What is Saltatory Conduction and why is it important? Thick myelin sheaths insulate plasma membrane and force “jumping” (__________) movement of electrical charge (action potential) ____________ effects myelin sheaths in CNS

14. How can you tell if nervous tissue is myelinated? Myelin sheaths contribute to white appearance = _____ _________ Neuron cell bodies and dendrites contribute to a darker color = _______ __________ Clusters of cell bodies are called _______ or _____ in the PNS and the CNS respectively

15. How are signals sent along the axon highway? Make sure you are comfortable with: Establishment of resting potentials Formation and propagation of action potentials. Mechanisms involved with conducting action potentials between cells (Intercellular action potential propagation).

16. How are signals sent along the axon highway? In addition to neurotransmitters, there are also ________________ (w/c influence _________ of pre- or post-synaptic membrane) Example: ___________, w/c when bound w/ receptors on pre-synaptic neurons limit neurotransmitter release (see table 11.5)

17. What is the difference between Excitatory & Inhibitory neurons? Ligands binding with post- synaptic receptors can cause: A _____________ in postsynaptic membrane potential (_________ ~ closer to zero… depolarization) Example: ___ ~ opens Na + channels An __________ in postsynaptic membrane potential (_________ ~ further from zero…hyperpolarized) Example: ________ ~ opens Cl - channels

18. Action potentials in pre-synaptic terminal don’t always result in an action potential on the postsynaptic membrane… ________ ___________________ __________ Are action potentials always propagated between cells?

19. Different action potentials from varying neurons can simultaneously influence the neuron they collectively synapse with to create ________ ___________ Are action potentials always propagated between cells?

20. Reflexes and Pathways ___________ How are reflexes and pathways integrated?

21. Can nervous tissue recover from injury? Why would the portion of an axon severed from the neuron cell body die? If a nerve is cut, the ____ ______ and _____ _______ are phagocytized. However, the Schwann cell bodies remain. The proximal axon “________” for reconnection If it encounters ________ _____ then it grows inside this pathway to re-innervate the organ (muscle) Why would this not readily occur in the CNS?