1. Digma, Bayan at Pagbabago
How the Filipinos reacted to colonization

2. Kahulugan (meaning)
Digmaan, Pakikipaglaban (Revolt, Revolution, Insurrection)
Bayan – lupang tinubuan
Nacio- nation, nationalism
Pagbabago- reforms, propaganda (20th century advertisement)

3. Economy “Baligya” monopoly Mercantilism, maritime trade
The Maharlikas were not tax payers during the Spanish colonial period

4. 19th century Economy Galleon trade was abolished in 19th cenury
Laissez faire
The Industrial Revolution in Europe brought about the rise of media clase or middle class in the Philippines.
The opening of Suez Canal contributed to the entry of the Philippines to world commerce.

5. Politics Relations with Holland, UK and China
The Dutch also tried to invade the Philippines five times but was repulsed by Spain with the help of the Filipinos.
-British troops also tried to conquer the Philippines.
- Spain hated at China; the Spanish colonizers massacred the Chinese.
Sangley – they came and left

6. Politics Challenges to authority (1560-1820s)
Rajah Sulayman, Bambalito, Tondo datus
-Lapu-lapu, Dagohoy, Bankaw in Visayas
Rajah Sultan Kudarat in Mindanao
-Spanish colonial government was challenged by the Portuguese and Dutch
Portuguese starved Legazpi in Cebu; food blockade as a weapon

7. Politics
-The longest war waged by Spain in the Philippines happened in Mindanao
Spain had not succeeded in colonizing Mindanao
Lumads are the Filipinos who refused to become Christians nor Muslims
Why were the Muslims not invaded by Spain?
1.Spain had low military capacity to break through the Kuta (fort/moog).
2. Mindanao is far from Manila, center of power and governance
3. Spain was preoccupied by Dutch, British, Luzon and Visayas uprisings
4. Islam provided a point of unity among the Muslims.

8. Politics
Revolts that characterized the movements during the Spanish period:
1. Agrarian uprisings in 1745 in the Tagalog regions
2. Political revolts which took place mainly in the northern Luzon (Magalat, Revolt of the Irrayas, Sumuroy, Maniago, Malong’s Rebellion, Diego Silang’s Revolt, Gabriela Silang’s Revolt, Palaris Revolt, Basi Revolt
3. Culturally/religiously controlled uprisings in the Visayas, particularly in Bohol that lasted 80 years (Tamblot, Bankaw, Tapar, Dagohoy, Hermano Pule)

9. Politics
Emergence of the Filipino sense of nationhood was initiated by the following:
Opening of the Philippines to world commerce through the Suez Canal
Rise of the middle class
Secularization controversy
Cavite Mutiny of 1872

10. Politics
Reasons for failure of the revolts:
Spain possessed superior weapons than the Indios
Filipinos remained divided (Divide-and-Rule strategy of Spain)
Giving of positions and privileges to the datus and Spanish authorities weakened unity and prevented birth of leaders who can consolidate the forces. (indulto de comercio, tribute)
Different ethnoliguistic groups in 7, 107 islands.

11. Politics
The secularization controversy continued even with the death of the GOMBURZA.
-The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 had influenced Paciano Rizal
-Reason for the Basi Revolt was the prohibition of drinking of basi among Ilocano farmers.
The Spaniards used the word Indio to indicate the inferiority of the Filipino race.

12. Politics Reform Movement Propaganda Movement
Peaceful crusades for reforms which the Filipino intellectuals started in response to the Spanish regime’s abuses-
Reform Movement
Propaganda Movement

13. Politics Si Tandang Basyong Macunat Spain’s counter propaganda
A friar’s pamphlet that portrayed the Filipino as having low mental ability and fitted only to work in the field and tend a carabao-
Si Tandang Basyong Macunat

14. Politics

15. Politics Cavite Mutiny Martyrdom of Gomburza
The following signaled the beginning of the Propaganda Movement:
Cavite Mutiny
Martyrdom of Gomburza
Filipinization of Philippine parishes
Opening of the Suez Canal and the world market

16. Politics -equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law
The propagandistas sought this reform for
-basic human rights for the Filipinos
-equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law
-restoration of Filipino representation to the Cortez

17. Politics It was the official organ of the Reform Movement
La Solidaridad
It was the official organ of the Reform Movement
-It was a vehicle for the expression of the political views of the reformers.
-It was a forum for discussion of the issues concerning the Philippines.

19. Separating the Philippines from Spain
Politics
Katipunan was anchored on the political platform of
Separating the Philippines from Spain

20. Politics petty quarrels among the reformists
Reasons for the failure of the Reform Movement-
petty quarrels among the reformists
Spain’s preoccupation with its own internal problems
lack of finances to support propaganda activities

21. Politics
La Liga Filipina was a reformist society

22. Politics . Rizal was not in favor of the revolution because
the Katipuneros were unprepared for armed struggle

23. Politics
The Katipunan was rift apart when-
The elites elected another elite, Aguinaldo, as President of the Revolutionary Government
Andres Bonifacio declared the election null and void
When Bonifacio decided to have the Naic Agreement that did not recognize Aguinaldo’s leadership
When Aguinaldo signed Bonifacio’s death penalty

24. Politics Paciano Rizal was a general in the Katipunan
Rizal’s family members were revolutionaries because-
Paciano Rizal was a general in the Katipunan
His sisters had put up the Masonry for women
His sisters and a niece were officials of KKK
Josephine Bracken joined the Katipunan when Rizal died

25. Politics Emilio Aguinaldo had him killed just like Andres Bonifacio
General Antonio Luna’s death triggered the following issues-
Emilio Aguinaldo had him killed just like Andres Bonifacio
He was not killed, according to Aguinaldo’s grandson, DOTC Secretary Joseph Emilio Aguinaldo Abaya
He was killed because the Kawit regimen hated him
He was killed because he was against the annexation of the Philippines to the US

26. Politics
The Pact of Biak-na-Bato had not the ended Filipino-Spanish hostilities.  
The Treaty of Paris had ended the Spanish-American War of 1898
The Battle of Manila Bay was a naval battle that led to the transformation of US into a world power.

27. Culture -Metamorphosis of bahay kubo into bahay na bato
Feudalistic society
-Metamorphosis of bahay kubo into bahay na bato
-Hispanization of Filipino surnames
-Indigenization of Spanish and Chinese cuisine

28. Culture Introduction of the Latin alphabet Introduction of printing
Culture was transformed through the-
Introduction of the Latin alphabet
Introduction of printing
Appearance of Theocratic literature
Persistence of folk art

29. Culture The Filipino concept of beauty changed
– with aquiline nose, white complexioned

30. Education
The Spaniards decided not to teach the Indios the Spanish language because
They may learn to fight if they understand how the friars run the country

31. Religion secularization
The transfer of ministries established by the regular clergy to the Filipino seculars
secularization

32. Religion
The babaylans had always been a threat to Spain’s spreading of Christianity in the archipelago.
The GOMBURZA clamored for the secularization of the parishes.