1. DNA, Mutations and Hazardous Waste

2. Prokaryote Cell

3. Eukaryotic Cell

4. Chromosomes

6. DNA Structure

7. Nucleotides Make up Nucleic Acid nucleotide= nitrogenous base + phosphate group + sugar nucleotide= nitrogenous base + phosphate group + sugar nucleotide Bases DNA= A,T, G, C Bases DNA= A,T, G, C Bases RNA= A, U, G, C Bases RNA= A, U, G, C Pairs A-T(U), G-C ALWAYS Pairs A-T(U), G-C ALWAYS

8. Central Dogma Theory DNA replication- DNA to DNA DNA replication- DNA to DNA DNA transcription- DNA to RNA (transcribe genes into RNA, junk DNA does not need to transcribe or gets deleted after transcription) DNA transcription- DNA to RNA (transcribe genes into RNA, junk DNA does not need to transcribe or gets deleted after transcription) Translation- RNA into protein (uses 3 types of RNA to get proteins made!) Translation- RNA into protein (uses 3 types of RNA to get proteins made!)

13. Messenger RNA Begins Translation at a Ribosome

14. Genetic Code Determines Amino Acid

15. Protein Chain Begins to Grow

16. Termination

17. Point Mutations Point mutations are changes in single bases Point mutations are changes in single bases silent mutations occur when the amino acid that it codes for doesn't change due to the DNA mutation silent mutations occur when the amino acid that it codes for doesn't change due to the DNA mutation missense mutations cause an amino acid substitution (sickle- cell anemia), these mutations may reduce or disable protein function missense mutations cause an amino acid substitution (sickle- cell anemia), these mutations may reduce or disable protein function codon has a point or shift change that causes the translation process to be terminated too early codon has a point or shift change that causes the translation process to be terminated too early frame-shift is when a single-base is inserted or deleted in a gene frame-shift is when a single-base is inserted or deleted in a gene this has the potential of changing most of the codons and associated amino acids this has the potential of changing most of the codons and associated amino acids

18. Chromosomal Mutations- Deletion

19. Chromosomal Mutation- cont.

20. Chromosomal Mutations cont.

21. Chromosomal Mutations- cont.

22. Other Mutagenic Terms Mutagen- any chemical or physical agent that induces a genetic mutation or increases the mutation rate Mutagen- any chemical or physical agent that induces a genetic mutation or increases the mutation rate Teratogen- any substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development causing one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus. Teratogen- any substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development causing one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus. Carcinogen- a substance or agent that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer Carcinogen- a substance or agent that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer

23. Causes of Cancer More than 80% of cases of cancer are attributed to cigarette smoking, exposure to carcinogenic chemicals, ionizing radiation, and ultraviolet rays; overexposure to the sun is the major cause of skin cancer. More than 80% of cases of cancer are attributed to cigarette smoking, exposure to carcinogenic chemicals, ionizing radiation, and ultraviolet rays; overexposure to the sun is the major cause of skin cancer.

24. Mutations can be spontaneous or induced When would a mutation be spontaneous? When would a mutation be spontaneous? When would a mutation be induced? When would a mutation be induced?

25. Mutations can be detrimental, neutral or occasionally beneficial Detrimental Detrimental Neutral Neutral Beneficial Beneficial Think Evolution and Natural Selection- DNA mutations are necessary for this to occur! Think Evolution and Natural Selection- DNA mutations are necessary for this to occur!