1. Process of Speciation Ch 16.3

2. Intro to Speciation Recall, biologists define a species as a group of individuals that breed and produce fertile offspring

3. Intro to Speciation Therefore individuals in the same species share a common gene pool. As genetic change occurs in one individual, it can spread through the population via its offspring. If this change increases “fitness” it will soon be found in many within the population.

4. Isolating Mechanisms As new species evolve, populations become reproductively isolated. Reproductive isolation can occur as a result of:  Behavior Isolation  Geographic Isolation  Temporal Isolation

5. Behavioral Isolation  Difference in courtship rituals Western and Eastern Meadowlark (Different mating songs)

6. Behavioral Isolation  Feeding Habits - change in food preference Fruit flies switched from Hawthorn fruit to Apple fruit introduced from England No gene flow occurs now because they eat, mate, and lay their eggs on different hosts now. Rhagoletis pomonella

7. Geographic Isolation  Two Populations are separated by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water

8. Geographic Isolation  Another Example of Speciation due to Geographic Isolation (Colorado River – 10,000 years ago) Kaibab Squirrel (Sciurus aberti kaibabensis) Abert Squirrel (Sciurus aberti)

9. Temporal Isolation  Two or more species reproduce at different times. Example: 3 similar species of 3 similar species of orchid in same forest orchid in same forest release pollen on release pollen on different days (can not different days (can not pollen one another) pollen one another)

10. Darwin’s Discovery Galapagos Island Finches

11. Darwin’s Discovery The finches looked so different he thought they were blackbirds, warblers, & other kinds of birds. After returning home, an ornithologist told him they were all finches

12. Darwin’s Discovery He then hypothesized: –They had descended from a common ancestor. –Natural selection shaped the beaks as they adapted to eat different foods

13. Testing Natural Selection in Nature Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University decided to test Darwin’s hypothesis. They figured it relied on two testable assumptions. 1. Sufficient Variation among species species 2. Natural Selection due to “fitness” of the variation “fitness” of the variation

14. Testing Natural Selection in Nature What the Grant’s Finch Research Showed:  There is great variation among inheritable traits  During drought, food becomes scarce or gone and big beaks more likely to survive.  Big beak birds tend to mate with other big beak birds, resulting in increase in average beak size of the population  The next generation of finches had bigger beaks than the generations before

15. Testing Natural Selection in Nature After 20 years of banding & measuring finches, the Grants had demonstrated that evolutionary changes in finch beak size & shape occur rapidly in response to severe environmental changes in the Galapagos Peter and Rosemary Grant (Princeton University)

16. Follow these Steps as Review of Speciation in Darwin’s Finches 1. Founders Arrive on an Island 2. Separation of Population (some birds of species A cross to another island) 3. Change in Gene Pool (natural selection causes species A & B to evolve.) 4. Reproductive Isolation (now even if species A & B appear in same locale, gene pool remains isolated) 5. Ecological Competition (increase difference as species A & B compete.) 6. Continued Evolution