2. A View of Egypt by Satellite

3. The Nile Longest in world South to North Delta  Mediterranean Seasonal flooding Fertile valley  agriculture by 5000 BCE Sahara  west; Red Sea  east

4. The Fertile Nile Valley Floods every fall from rains in Central Africa Prosperity /food surplus Unifying factor Transportation / communication Orderly and cyclical view of universe (unlike Mesopotamia) Natural barriers Nile and deserts Few foreign incursions unlike Mesopotamia

5. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

6. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

7. Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

8. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

9. Egyptian Social Hierarchy Bureaucracy

10. God-Kings 30 yr renewal ritual Absolute power therefore no need for written code like Hammurabi’s Return to Ra @ death Built temples to ensure cont’d goodwill of gods Provide priests for upkeep Balance, order (goes back to Nile) Upright souls believed their spirits would live eternally)

11. Egyptian Nobility

12. Egyptian Priestly Class

13. Egyptian Scribe

14. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

15. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

16. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

17. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

18. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Wigs Mirror

19. Daily Life Married young; arranged by parents Monogamous Additional wives if first is barren Divorces occurred; women compensated Husband: head of house Wife: well respected; educated children Women's’ rights” Controlled own property and inheritance Operate businesses, few involved in politics Priestesses, 4 became pharaohs

20. Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

21. Egyptian Math & Draftsmanship 110100100010,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

22. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

23. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

24. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

25. Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut

26. Creation Myths Sun god Ra (Ra-Atum) Waters of chaos Created gods of wetness and dryness (Tefnut/Shu)  male Geb (earth)  female Nut (sky)  2 sons (Osiris/Seth) 2 females (Isis/Nephthys) Isis/Osiris  king of Egypt Seth kills Osiris takes throne I/N patch Osiris up (Anubis) conceives son (Horus) Horus def. Seth & becomes king of earth Osiris  king of underworld Humans from tears of Ra’s eye http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=tcxgzMwcqN8&safety_mode=t rue&persist_safety_mode=1

27. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

28. Iconography Hathor (cow/love- fertitlty) Thoth (ibis/writing- sci-law) Maat (feather/truth- order-justice) Anubis (jackal/embalm- cemetery) Bastet (cat/daughter of Ra)

29. Conventions Customary way to represent people and world Accepted by both artist and patrons Images based on memory Characteristic viewpoints Formulas & proportions

30. Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

31. The Mummification Process http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MQ5dL9cQX0&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 The Mummification Process http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MQ5dL9cQX0&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

32. Preparation for the Afterlife

33. Egyptian Mummies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReCxCL64p9k&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Egyptian Mummies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReCxCL64p9k&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E.

34. Funerary Architecture Ka (life spirit lives after death) Sculpted likenesses work! Comfy home for departed king’s ka so he continues to ensure well-being if Egypt Safety in moving from one world to next  (preservation)

35. Mastaba (flat topped one story bldgs / slanted walls above burial chamber) Serdab: small sealed room for ka statue & chapel for mourning vertical shaft to burial chamber w/sarcophagus Necropolis: city of dead on edge of desert Saqqara and Giza

37. Djoser & Saqqara

38. 3 rd Dynasty Djoser 3650-2631 Imhotep 1 st architect Mastaba  step pyramid (like ziggurat) Intentions: Stairway to Ra Protecting tomb Adjacent funerary temple for rituals

40. Old Kingdom c.2575 – 2150 BCE Giza (3) 4 th dynasty Khufu (2551- 2528) 13acres, 481’, Khafre (2520- 2494) Menkaure (2490-2472) Site follows east- west Causeway to valley temple

41. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5GPpVCtH5A&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

42. 4 th dynasty, c. 2520-2494, anorthosite gneiss (from Nubia, changes color), 5’6 1/8” tall Horus Lions-throne’s legs, lotus(upper, papyrus (lower), short pleated kilt, linen headress w/cobra (Ra), false beard (royalty),

45. Menkaure and a Queen (Khamerernebty?) 4 th dynasty (2490- 2472) Queen’s symbolic embrace King: athletic, young, nude to waist, kilt, headcloth, Balanced pose (one foot forward) Queen smaller steps

47. Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

48. Egyptian Book of the Dead http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnO3XsDFHe8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

49. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

50. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

51. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

52. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

53. Giza Pyramid Complex

54. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

55. Hatshepsut 1 st female ruler(r. 1473-1458) Daughter of Queen Ahmose and the god Amun (really Thutmose I) Married half brother who became Thutmose II Became regent for his son w/concubine Claimed throne herself… declared king by priests of Amun Wore many male trappings Known for trade expeditions to “Land of Punt” Died of bone cancer Mummy found and identified by missing tooth

56. Deir el-Bahri Funerary temple (created by her lover) Not intended for tomb, was supposed to go to Valley Characteristics Raised causeway w/sphinxes from Nile Shrines to Anubis/Hathor Open garden spaces (myrrh trees) pools Hypostyle halls

58. Akhenaten Amenhotep IV (r. 1353-1336) New religion to honor single supreme sun god Aten (disk) (polytheistic) Moved capital from Thebes to Amarna Son of Aten Presided over worship as divine priest Altars in courtyards to receive sun Portrayed in informal situations

59. Akhenaten 16’ In front of Karnak Soft, swelling Boneless Androgenous Elongated features Flail (protection) Shepherd's crook (absolute sovereignty)

60. Akhenaten and His Family painted limestone relief (sunken) Tell el-Amarna

61. Nefertiti Painted limestone 20” (Tell el-Armana)

62. The Valley of the Kings

63. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

64. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

65. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.

68. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

69. King Tutankhamon

70. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

71. Ramses II c. 1279-1213 Nefertari (main wife) Aggressive expansion Treaties w/ Hittites Married Hittite princess Many wives, 90+ kids Monuments at Karnak, Luxor, Abu Simbel Abu-Simbel 2 lrg temples (not funerary mnmts) Actually buried in Valley Many paintings (Nef’s temp) Outline and rich color More hues to depict dimensionality Darker skin tones Focus on eyes and lips Hieroglyphs to design

73. Abu Simbel 65’ Family and Nefertari RA

74. Luxor

75. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.

76. Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? 1352-1336 B. C. E.

77. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

78. Queen Nefertiti