1. Hooke’s Law

2. In the 1600s, a scientist called Robert Hooke discovered a law for elastic materials. Hooke's achievements were extraordinary - he made the first powerful microscope and wrote the first scientific best- seller, Micrographia. He even coined the word ‘Cell’.

3. Hooke's Law, elastic and plastic behaviour If a material returns to its original size and shape when you remove the forces stretching or deforming it (reversible deformation), we say that the material is demonstrating elastic behaviour. A plastic (or inelastic) material is one that stays deformed after you have taken the force away. If deformation remains (irreversible deformation) after the forces are removed then it is a sign of plastic behaviour. If you apply too big a force a material will lose its elasticity. Hooke discovered that the amount a spring stretches is proportional to the amount of force applied to it. This means if you double the force its extension will double, if you triple the force the extension will triple and so on.

8. The elastic limit can be seen on the graph. This is where it stops obeying Hookes law.

10. You can write Hooke's law as an equation: F = k ∆ x Where: F is the applied force (in newtons, N), x is the extension (in metres, m) and k is the spring constant (in N/m). The extension ∆ x (delta-x) is sometimes written e or ∆ l. You find the extension from: ∆ x = stretched length – original length.

11. ___________ Law: The compression or elongation x of an ideal spring from its ________________ position (x = 0) is ____________________________to the applied force F s. F s = stretching or elongation: compression: More F  more ____________ or __________________. x = 0 F s = FsFs x FsFs x directly proportional kx stretchcompression Hooke's equilibrium

12. Hooke's Law is often written: F s = -kx This is because it also describes the force that the _______________ exerts on an ___________ that is attached to it. The negative sign indicates that the direction of the spring force is always _____________ to the displacement of the object spring itself stretched spring: compressed spring: object opposite undisturbed spring ______________ position, F s = __ equilibrium -x +x FsFs FsFs x = 0 0 F s ___ 0 > <

13. Ex. A weight of 8.7 N is attached to a spring that has a spring constant of 190 N/m. How much will the spring stretch? Equation: Given: Unknown: x w/o weight 8.7 N w/ weight 190 N/m 8.7 N x = ? k = F s = F s = kx 8.7 N = (190 N/m) x x = 4.6 x 10 -2 m

14. F s = kx FsFs x What quantity does the slope represent? slope = = Compare to F s = kx Solve for F s /x = The slope represents _______________________________ direct Ex: A force of 5.0 N causes t0.015 m. How far will it stretch if the force is 10 N? he spring to stretch 2 (0.015 m) = 0.030 m  y/  x F s /x the spring constant, k. k 5 10.015 ?

15. FsFs x stiffer spring  _________ slope  _________ k spring A spring B Ex. Comparing two springs that stretch different amounts. xBxB Applying the same force F to both springs Which spring stretches more? Which is stiffer? xAxA A B greater larger

16. ____________ PE - the energy stored in a spring when work is done on it to stretch or compress it PE s = Ex. A spring with a spring constant of 370 N/m is stretched a distance 6.4 x 10 -2 m. How much elastic PE will be stored in the spring? PE s = (½)kx 2 = (0.5)( 370 N/m)(6.4 x 10 -2 m) 2 = 0.76 (N/m)(m 2 ) = 0.76 Nm = 0.76 J How much work was done to stretch the spring by this amount? W =  PE = 0.76 J (½)kx 2 Elastic

17. Hold on a minute, K? Spring Constant?! The spring constant measures how stiff the spring is. The larger the spring constant the stiffer the spring. You may be able to see this by looking at the graphs below: k is measured in units of newtons per metre (Nm -1 ).

18. Example A spring is 0.38m long. When it is pulled by a force of 2.0 N, it stretches to 0.42 m. What is the spring constant? Assume the spring behaves elastically. Extension, ∆ x = Stretched length – Original length =. 0.42m – 0.38m = 0.04 m 2.0N = k x 0.04m So, k = 2.0 N 0.04 m = 50 N m -1 F = k ∆ x

19. Elastic behaviour – Car Safety Elastic behaviour is very important in car safety, as car seatbelts are made from elastic materials. However, after a crash they must be replaced as they will go past their elastic limit. Why have seat belts that are elastic? Why not just have very rigid seatbelts that would keep you firmly in place? The reason for this, is that it would be very dangerous and cause large injuries. This is because it would slow your body down too quickly. The quicker a collision, the bigger the force that is produced.

23. Key Definitions Hooke’s Law = The amount a spring stretches is proportional to the amount of force applied to it. The spring constant measures how stiff the spring is. The larger the spring constant the stiffer the spring. A Diagram to show Hooke’s Law F = k ∆ x