1. AG -1 © WTO – OMC 2012 The WTO Agreement on Agriculture Serafino Marchese, Chief, Training and Capacity Building Section WTO Institute for Training and Technical Co-operation

2. AG -2 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Background Agricultural trade Trade policies prior to the WTO Uruguay Round agricultural negotiations

3. AG -3 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Overview Relationship with other WTO Agreements Product coverage Rules and commitments Implementation period Committee on Agriculture

4. AG -4 © WTO – OMC 2012 r Tariffs r Non-tariff measures Conversion Tariff equivalents ConsolidationReduction Market access: “Tariffication”

5. AG -5 © WTO – OMC 2012

6. AG -6 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Market access (1) The conceptual framework Schedule of tariff concessions... and tariff quota commitments The prohibition of non-tariff border measures

7. AG -7 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Market access (2) Special treatment The special safeguard provisions Notification obligations: MA tables

8. AG -8 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Market access - RF RF bound tariff generally range between 0 and 20% with the exception of meats (beef: 55%, pork: 65% and poultry: 80%) Most of the tariffs are bound in ad valorem terms, but some bindings are specific (e.g. sugar and alcohols) or mixed (e.g. dairy, cereals and fruit juices) RF has scheduled tariff rate quotas (TRQ) on beef, pork, poultry and dairy (whey) No SSG inscribed in the Schedule

9. AG -9 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Market access – RF notifications Table MA:1 – one time + ad hoc changes – Administration of Tariff Rate Quotas (TRQs) Table MA:2 – annual – In-quota imports Integrated Data Base (IDB) – annual

10. AG -10 © WTO – OMC 2012

11. AG -11 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Domestic support (1) The conceptual framework Green Box Government service programmes Direct payments to producers Other exempt measures Developmental measures Blue Box De minimis

12. AG -12 © WTO – OMC 2012 Green Box (Annex 2) fundamental requirement that the measures have no, or at most minimal, trade-distorting effects or effects on production the support in question shall be provided through a publicly-funded government programme (including government revenue foregone) not involving transfers from consumers the support in question shall not have the effect of providing price support to producers; plus policy-specific criteria and conditions...

13. AG -13 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Blue Box Eligibility: clearly-defined criteria in a fixed base period e.g l income l status as a producer or landowner factor use or production level Payments not related to l the type of production l the volume of production l prices (domestic or international) factors of production employed in any year after the base period l No production shall be required to receive such payments

14. AG -14 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Domestic support (2) Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) Reduction commitments Equivalent Measurement of Support Notification obligations: DS tables

15. AG -15 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Domestic support - RF RF has a Total AMS commitment in the Schedule. Total AMS limit starts at USD 9 billion in 2012 and goes down to USD 4.4 billion in 2018 During the 7-year implementation period, e.g. from 2012 to 2018, RF has committed to keep its total product-specific AMS within 30% of its non-product specific AMS

16. AG -16 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Domestic support – RF Notifications Table DS:1 and Supporting Tables DS:1 to DS:9 - annual Table DS:2 – ad hoc when introducing a new support measure, or making modifications to an existing measure, for which an exemption from reduction is claimed

17. AG -17 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Export subsidies (1) The conceptual framework Reduction commitments Definition of measures Product categories Rates of cut Products with no specific reduction commitment

18. AG -18 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Export subsidies (2) Anti-circumvention Notification obligations: ES tables

19. AG -19 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Export subsidies - RF RF bound export subsidies at zero Table ES:1 - annual

20. AG -20 © WTO – OMC 2012 AG: Other provisions - RF Export duties: Part V of the Schedules contains export dutiy bindings for all products, including some agricultural products, e.g. oilseeds and ethyl alcohol Export restrictions: RF explicitly confirmed that upon accession, it would only apply export restrictions in accordance with Article XI of the GATT and Article 12 of the Agreement on Agriculture

21. AG -21 © WTO – OMC 2012 21 Long term objective: Major achievements of the Uruguay Round, but also some unfinished business Committee on Agriculture – monitors implementation of UR commitments Mandate for further reform - Article 20 “... establish a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system... ” The Agreement on Agriculture

22. AG -22 © WTO – OMC 2012 22 AG: Summary Tariffs Tariff Quotas Special Safeguard Green Box Blue Box Article 6.2 Amber Box Export subsidies Anti-circumvention Export prohibitions and restrictions Market accessDomestic supportExport competition Other rules: S&D, Peace Clause (now expired), NFIDC Decision etc.

23. AG -23 © WTO – OMC 2012 Agriculture Art. 1Definition of Terms Art. 2Product Coverage Part II Art. 3Incorporation of Concessions and Commitments Part III Art. 4Market Access Art. 5Special Safeguard Provisions Part IV Art. 6Domestic Support Commitments Part I Art. 7General Disciplines on Domestic Support Part V Art. 8Export Competition Commitments Art. 9Export Subsidies Commitments Art. 10Prevention of Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE Art. 11Incorporated Products

24. AG -24 © WTO – OMC 2012 Agriculture Art. 12 Part VII Art. 13 Part VIII Art. 14 Part IX Art. 15 Part X Art. 16 Part VI Disciplines on Export Prohibitions and Restrictions Due Restraint Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Special and Differential Treatment Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries Part XI Art. 17 Art. 18 Art. 19 Committee on Agriculture Review of the Implementation of Commitments Consultation and Dispute Settlement Part XII AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE Art. 20 Part XIII Continuation of the Reform Process Art. 21Final Provisions

25. AG -25 © WTO – OMC 2012 Agriculture Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 Annex 1 Domestic Support: The basis for exemption from the reduction commitments Domestic support: Calculation of aggregate measurement of support Domestic support: Calculation of Equivalent Measurement of support Special Treatment with respect to paragraph 2 of Art. 4 Product Coverage AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE