1. AWARENESS OF YOURSELF AND YOUR ENVIRONMENT Consciousness

2. Everyone experiences “altered” consciousness How many can you name? Sleep Dreaming Daydreaming Long-distance running Listening to music Sensory overload High fever Extreme sleep loss Drugs

3. Most familiar altered consciousness=sleep People can learn to sleep for just a few hours each night and still function well Everyone dreams, every night The brain rests during sleep Resting during the day can replace lost sleep As people get older, they sleep more Alcohol may help a person get to sleep, but it disturbs sleep later in the night If a person goes long enough without sleep, they will die

4. Sleep Deprivation Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning Contributes to hypertension, irritability, etc. Safety and accident issues

5. Sleep Deprivation

6. Hypothalamus Sleep control center Monitors changes in light or dark Changes hormone (melatonin) levels which regulate biological (circadian) rhythms Sleep restores body from daily wear and tear Why do we sleep?

7. Why do humans sleep in one big “chunk”- at night? Adaptive or Evolutionary Theory

8. How long can a person go without sleep? Microsleeps After 4 days look out! Record is 11 days 1/3 of all adults don’t get enough sleep

9. Sleep Stages Five stages of sleep Each numbered 1-4 (Non REM) Fifth stage called REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep measured with an EEG

10. Stages of sleep Stages progress from light to deep sleep. Each sleep cycle lasts approximately 90-110 minutes. As the night goes on, you spend less time in slow-wave sleep and more time in stage 2 and REM Non REM sleep is dream free 90% of the time. REM sleep is where vivid dreams occur. REM sleep called “paradoxical sleep” =brain is very active/body is paralyzed. (EEG similar to being awake)

11. Sleep Disorders… Insomnia: An inability to fall asleep or stay asleep Hypersomnia: Getting so much sleep that it impairs functioning Narcolepsy: Sudden REM sleep. Apnea: Person stops breathing during sleep Somnambulism: Walking in sleep (may result from dreaming in non-REM sleep/act out dream) Night Terrors: Common in children 3-12 (peak age is 3.5 years) Non-REM sleep with extreme arousal

12. Why do we dream? Psychodynamic View (Freud) Manifest Content Latent Content Memory Consolidation Theory REM sleep helps store memory Activation-synthesis Theory Hindbrain arousal activates brain (especially limbic system) which brain try's to organize- prefrontal cortex is off-line

13. Hypnosis (Two Views) Hypnosis is a highly relaxed state in which the subject is highly suggestible and simply playing the role of “good subject” Ernest Hilgard identified “hidden observer” (part of the subject is hypnotized and the other part “watches” Hypnosis is an altered or dissociated state of consciousness You can amplify selective attention (the hypnotized person is so focused that they are able to dissociate from stimuli)….pain?

14. Hypnosis as a treatment Pain Management Smoking cessation Obesity Addition (mixed result) Entertainment

15. Psychoactive Drugs= chemical substances that impact behavior, mood, perception & mental processes Depressants (slow nervous system activity/reduce arousal) Alcohol Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Opiates Oxycodone Heroin Hallucinogens LSD Stimulants (increase arousal) Nicotine Caffeine

16. Repeated use…. Tolerance= the need for greater amounts of drug to get the same effect Dependence= When used on a regular basis- Intense craving for drug Withdrawal= physical and/or psychological symptoms following removal of drug