1. Sand Geology Lab Chapter 5

2. Measuring Grain Size Grain size is a direct result of the amount of energy available to transport the sediment in the environment. Example: High energy environment: –all one size like sand dunes –NO silt or clay Low energy environment: –Lots of silt and clay (mud) –Example: protected bay or estuary Grain size can also tell about the distance from source of sediments.

3. Environment Examples MUD Low Energy: no waves to transport silt & clay out to sea

4. Measuring Grain Size Sand grain size is measured using a grain size card. The size should be described as a range from smallest to largest. –vc = very coarse –c = coarse –m = medium –f = fine –vf = very fine Example: Medium to very fine pebble

5. Degree of Sorting Record the degree of sorting for each sample. Sorting is a qualitative description of the range of grain sizes found in the environment. Sorting gives information about the consistency of an energy source. For example, poorly sorted sediments have a fluctuating energy source.

6. Degree of Roundness

7. Terrigenous Sand (abiotic) – Non Living Sediments Examples of terrigenous sand Garnet Obsidian Olivine or Peridot

8. Associated with continental crust in temperate (30 - 60  ) and polar (> 60  ) climate zones. Quartz is the most common sediment. Feldspar minerals break down into clays. Minerals such as micas (glittery), garnet (ruby red), and magnetite (black & magnetic) are also common in granite derived sands. Use photo cards and handouts to assist in identifying these materials. Granite Derived Sand

9. Quartz – colorless, translucent, glassy. Feldspar – pink, white, opaque, striated; feldspar tends to chemically weather to clay minerals. Most common mineral. Mica – black, coppery, flat, shiny.

10. Quartz Sand Grains One of the most common minerals on Earth Frosted from sand dunes.

11. Mica & Magnetite Magnetite – dull, rusty, dense, magnetic, rod- shaped mineral. Mica flakes: flat, shiny, black, gold to coppery in color.

12. Associated with active volcanism at hotspots and some volcanic island arcs. Can be either tropical or temperate climate. Basalt volcanism – –Rocks – cinders (red), basalt (black), obsidian (volcanic glass) –Minerals – olivine (green to rusty green) Volcanic Derived Sand

13. Active volcanic eruptions. More basalt = more recent eruption Pitted, dull, black sediments

14. More Volcanic Derived Sands Olivine – green, glassy, somewhat translucent volcanic mineral. Associated with basalt lava.

15. Volcanic Derived Beaches Cinder beaches (older) are red due to rust

16. Could represent: –Continental volcanism that is inland from the coast. –Remains of an extinct volcano –Volcanic arc system due to subduction Combination of Granite & Volcanic Sand

17. Beach slope is how steep the beach is (i.e. do you have to walk down a berm to the water or is it flat?) Coarse sediments (pebbles, gravel) = steep beach slope Fine sediments (fine sands, mud) = gentle beach slope Beach Slope

18. Other Abiotic Sediments

19. Biogenic Sediments – from Living Organisms

20. Barnacles Barnacle fragments have ridges and are flat. Suggest rocky shore beach. Can be purple/white in color.

21. Sea Urchin Spines Also suggests a rocky shore beach. Can be striped or purple. Shape is elongated or circular in cross- section.

22. Gastropods & Operculums Gastropods are snails. Can be any color. Cat’s Eye Operculum is found in many Hawaiian sands. Operculums are protective coverings for snails.

23. Coral Coral is only found in the tropics & in areas where there is little continental sediments. Coral can be white, pink, or beige. Coral can be angular, rounded, and porous.

24. Sponge Spicules Spicule Spicules are glassy structures that act as support (skeleton) for certain types of sponges.

25. Foraminifera-Plankton Shells Foraminifera Tiny shell-like sediments that can be found anywhere. Operculum

26. Ooids – Hydrogenous Sediment Implications: Only can form in shallow, quiet, seas with water temperature greater than 80 degrees F. No terrigenous input. Very rare. Ooids are made of calcium carbonate that precipitated out of the water and coat shell fragments.

27. How to Make Inferences Well sorted, coarse sand size Rounded to well rounded 100% Biogenic –25 % Coral frags (golden) –10% shell frags (white) –65% cat’s eye (round disks) Sand Sample #1

28. How to Make Inferences Mod. sorted, vf pebble to med. sand Angular to sub-rounded 30% Terrigenous –All rock fragments (granite?) 70% Biogenic –50% Snail shell frag –18% Sea Urchin parts (spines & skeleton) –2% operculums (snail doors) Sand Sample #2

29. Tropical climate due to coral. High energy due to well sorted and rounded grains. Possible rocky beach due to large population of snail shells. Continental beach due to granite. Rocky beach due to sea urchins. Inconsistent energy due to large range of grain sizes. Close to terrigenous source. Temperate climate (no coral). How to Make Inferences Sand Sample #2Sand Sample #1