1. Eric Bartelsman* Sep. 17, 2008 Warsaw, Poland *Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, and IZA;. Sources of Productivity Growth Micro dynamics and macro outcomes

3. Long-run Productivity Growth CommodityTime to earn 1885 (hours) Time to earn 2000 (hours) Productivity multiple 1-speed bicycle 2607.236.1 Office Chair242.012.0 Hair Brush162.08.0 Silver Spoon2634.00.8 Source: Brad DeLong, 1991-2000

4. Economic Growth l GDP = Hours worked X GDP/hour l Economic growth is weighted sum of: lGrowth in labor input lGrowth in labor productivity l Growth capital/labor ratio l Growth in ‘total factor productivity’, or TFP l Innovation as ultimate source of TFP lManna from heaven or intentional creation

5. Inquiry into sources of productivity growth l For whom is such academic research useful? lCuriosity lEconomic policy lBusiness sector

6. Productivity Research l Research methods traditionally have been macroeconomic lGrowth models l Solow: exogenous technology l Romer: R&D (Human capital) as driver lGrowth empirics l Cross-country evidence l Multi-industry panel data lGrowth Accounting (EU-KLEMS)

7. Value added per hour EU relative to US (source: EU Klems, market sector, EU15)

8. Results from EUKLEMS Nat.Acct. based Growth Accounting dataset Based on seminal work by Jorgenson Accounting framework for attributing productivity growth to factors of production Framework to aid in integration of National Accounts (see Jorgenson and Landefeld 2005). attempt to attribute all growth in output to factors under control of firms In recent years much growth is not accounted for (TFP growth) Differences in growth performance between US and EU visible, but not ‘understandable’ Particularly, the differences in the impact of ICT remain ‘a mystery’

9. Results from EUKLEMS 1995- 2005 EUUS VA%--Kict--TFPVA%--Kict--TFP Market2.1.41.03.7.61.7 EleCom3.8.82.810.5.88.7 MfgxElc1.2.21.71.8.22.2 DISTR2.6.31.54.1.52.1 FinBus3.5.94.3.7.4 Source: Timmer, O’Mahony, and van Ark (2007)

10. Results from EUKLEMS What we have not learned Why is contribution from IT capital lower in EU Or… Why is ICT investment lower Why is growth in ‘Elecom’ so much lower Or… Why is ‘Elecom’ sector small, especially in fast growing parts Why is unexplained growth so high? Why is TFP growth so much lower in EU Or… Why is TFP growth especially low in ICT intensive sectors What, if anything, is the role of policy Or… If policy affects firms and market interactions, what can industry data tell us about policy

11. Aggregate productivity depends not only on firm-level productivity distribution… Average productivity vs aggregate productivity

12. But also on firm-size distribution Average productivity vs aggregate productivity

13. Businesses produce, not countries or industries l Heterogeneity in productivity at the firm-level within sectors or countires l A country may have a ‘long tail’ problem: l Or, a lack of ‘excellent’ firms: Global frontier country2 country1 long tail Sectoral productivity may not be a useful policy indicatorSectoral productivity may not be a useful policy indicator

14. Why analysis of firm-level dynamics may help answer questions Heterogeneous agents at micro level Diversity in firm-level strategies Market selection Sales and input growth, conditional on productivity and economic ‘environment’ Combination of firm-level productivity impact and market share evolution gives total impact on industry productivity

15. Sources of productivity growth l Pushing out the frontier l Increasing productivity below the frontier lDiffusion of technology lReallocating resources from low to high productivity firms

16. Example: How to raise productivity ‘below the frontier’ l Diffusion of existing technology lHuman capital lCompetitive pressure lFramework conditions l Reallocation of resources from less to more productive firms lFrictions hamper efficient allocation lPolicy affects frictions in: l Product markets, labor market, entry/exit

17. Reallocation and productivity l Frictions impede reallocation to most productive firms l Frictions affect ‘selection’ of firms lWho will enter, who will exit l ‘Olley-Pakes cross-term’ measures the effect

19. Example: ICT Adoption Carrot and Stick: Profits to be gained if succesful (taking into account market share gains) Competitive pressure: Market share/profit losses when others adopt successfully Costs and benefits: Readiness: skilled workers, high wages, complementary inputs Profits from being successful and scaling up business

20. Broadband Adoption and Impact v(log) real value added KitICT capital service KnNon-IT capital service Hrshours wAverage wage Cap%itICT-capital as share of cap. HiSklHigh skilled worker share DSL%Broadband penetration ChurnInterquartile range of firm- level growth rate distribution

21. Broadband Adoption and Impact VariableDSL%Internet% a1ICT- indicator: 1.24.901.201.05 a2Kn.35.27.34.27 a3Kit-.07.05-.08.05 a4Hrs.72.68.72.68 b1w(-1).24.02.30.01 b2Cap%it.31.20.32.17 b3HiSkl.18.38.19.33 b4Churn.30.15.28.14 dummiesc,ti,tc,ti,t D.F.659646649646

22. Impact of Policy on ICT and Productivity Firms have capabilities and desire to ‘try’ new ways of meeting market demand Since mid-1990s, this experimentation is often through ICT Firms’ desire to experiment depend on carrot and stick Leveraging of successful investment through scale increase is an enormous carrot Policy affects resource reallocation And thus indirectly firm’s choice for innovation strategy

23. Impact of Labor Market Policy Based on results from Bartelsman, Perotti, and Scarpetta (2008), Employment Protection Legislation (EPL), reduces productivity in ‘frontier’ industries Based on results from Bartelsman, Gautier, and de Wind (forthcoming), EPL reduces share of employment in ‘frontier’ industries ‘Frontier’ is a bit tautological: it is a sector where payoff to successful experimentation is highest relative to follower It is a sector where the succesful firms are relatively furthest from followers It is sector with most experimentation

24. Conclusions l Productivity growth has its deep origins in the development of new ideas l Firms make decisions on whether to innovate, to utilize existing technology, or just ‘muddle along’ l Firms’ decisions depend on policy environment and market interactions l Policy may impact firm’s decisions directly, but also through selection mechanism