2. Becoming a Teacher Ninth Edition Forrest W. Parkay Revisions – Michael Immerman Chapter 8 Today’s Students ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

3. 8-2 Focus Questions 1. How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? 2. What does equal educational opportunity mean? 3. What is meant by bilingual education? 4. What is multicultural education? 5. How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

4. 8-3 How is Diversity Embedded in the Culture of the United States? The Meaning of Culture: Culture is the way of life common to a group of people Dimensions of Culture: The United States has some common dimensions of culture and has been named “ national macroculture.” Cultural Identity: the membership that an individual has in the array of subcultures in the United States is referred to as the individual’s cultural identity Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 8-4 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Culture a way of life common to a group of people; values, attitudes, and beliefs that influence their traditions and behaviors. Cultural Pluralism distinguishing characteristics of culture that are to be preserved rather than blended Analogies 1950smelting pottapestry design 2000ssalad bowlquilt design Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

6. 8-5 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Dimensions of Culture Ethnic Group individuals within a larger culture who share a self defined racial or cultural identity Cultural Identity (how you define yourself) an overall sense of who one is; defined by age, racial identity, gender, exceptionalities, sexual orientation, income, beliefs and values Mainstream – Is there a Caucasian Culture? How does it differ from a Hispanic Cutlure? Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

7. 8-6 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Language and Culture Bilingual education using two languages as medium of instruction Limited English Proficient (LEP) students with limited ability to understand, read or speak English and have a first language other than English Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

8. 8-7 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? The Concept of Multiculturalism Schools where differences related to race, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, disability and social class are acknowledged and all students are viewed as a valuable resource Joke – what do you call someone who speaks 3 languages trilingual - what do you call someone who speaks 2 languages bilingual - what do you call someone who speaks 1 language an American Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

9. 8-8 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Ethnicity and Race Ethnicity shared identity based on common ancestry, cultural, tradition, and sense of peoplehood Race subjective concept used to distinguish humans by biological traits (Ashley Morgan – there are only 3 races) Mixed-Race Identity 3% of the population self-identified as two or more races on the 2010 U.S. Census Forty-one percent of the mixed-race population was under age 18 Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

10. 8-9 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Concept of Minorities Any group numbering less than half of the total population Includes not only racial and ethnic groups but groups that have traditionally lacked power in U.S. public life: ○ immigrants, poor, children, elderly, ○ non-English speakers,minority religions, ○ people with disabilities, ○ people who are gay lesbian bisexual or transgender, and ○ Question - If women represent 54 % of the population can women be truly classified as a minority Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

11. 8-10 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Minority Groups and Academic Achievement Achievement Gap Uneven academic progress between white students and Hispanic, Black, and American Indian/ Native American Socioeconomic Status, more than language or culture contributes most strongly to student achievement. Mobility (students, teachers and/or principals) within schools can attribute to the achievement gap. Race and/ or ethnicity are not the major contributing factors to the achievement gap. Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

12. 8-11 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Stereotyping process of attributing behavioral characteristics to all members of a group (All Asians behave similarly – Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian) Individual Racism prejudicial belief that one’s ethnic or racial group is superior to others (All whites are superior in long races, while blacks are superior in the sprint races) Institutional Racism adopting policies that while not specifically directed at excluding a group, but nevertheless results in their exclusion (Only whites can work as servers in upscale restaurants) Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

13. 8-12 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Class and Socioeconomic Status Low income those without an income twice the federal poverty level Poverty can impede a child’s ability to learn and contribute to social, emotional and behavioral problems School supplies, clothing affect self esteem and a student’s acceptance within the school’s culture. Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

14. 8-13 How is diversity reflected in the culture of the United States? Religious Pluralism More than a dozen major religious traditions that are divided into hundreds of distinct groups There are an increased number of splinter religions and/or “new age” religions forming since 2000 Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

15. 8-14 What does equal educational opportunity mean? American espouses equality of educational opportunity for all students -- what it means is Promoting full development of students as individuals without regard for race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, religion, abilities or disabilities Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

16. 8-15 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Education and African Americans Desegregation Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Segregated schools are inherently unequal and violate the equal protection clause of 14th Amendment Resegregation Schools becoming segregated due to population movement and removal of judicial supervision to desegregate Neighborhood schools become segregated due to population shifts Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

17. 8-16 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Learning Needs of African American Students – Cooperation teaching strategies results in higher achievement rather than individual completion – Oral learning activities are encouraged due to a history of oral tradition Afrocentric Schools – Schools that focus on African American history and cultures Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

18. 8-17 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Education of Latino and Hispanic Americans – Students held back by language barriers and English-only laws which have been adopted by several “border” states – Children of migrant workers are more likely to drop out (termed mobility) which leads to an achievement gap Learning Needs of Spanish-Speaking Students – Students need to combine native language cognitive skills with English sociopolitical climate – Cuban students have a different view of learning English than Mexican students, coming to the U.S. Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

19. 8-18 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Education and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Large diverse group, with separate traditions Legal acts have passed to prevent further immigration of these populations in the early 1900s Teacher concerns about Asian American Students Asian students have a excellence in achievement “myth” to adhere to which causes an unreal expectation and results in an increased drop out rate. Asian students may not challenge authority and therefore not question lessons in school Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

20. 8-19 What does equal educational opportunity mean? Indian Education Act of 1972 and 1974 Amendment Administered by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Schooling must be provided for by the federal government via a history of treaties Assistance for schools to improve education, train teachers and college funding for Native Americans Many Native American tribes emphasize cooperation rather than individual achievement. Native students have an increased sense of observation and a holistic harmony as it relates to the interaction of people with their environment. Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

21. 8-20 What is meant by bilingual education? Bicultural – able to function effectively in two or more linguistic and cultural groups Bilingual Education Act Required that language minority students be taught in both native language and English Equal Educational Opportunity Act School District must take appropriate action to overcome language barrier that impede equal participation by students in instructional programs Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

22. 8-21 What is meant by bilingual education? Arguments for Bilingual Education Students learn English better if taught in native language Bilingual students can continue to learn without waiting to master English Native language competencies provide cognitive foundations for learning English and content Second Languages are valuable Bilingual programs support students’ identity, social context and self esteem Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

23. 8-22 What is meant by bilingual education? Arguments opposed to bilingual education Schools should not be expected to teach all students in their first language, nor can schools afford teachers Cost of bilingual education is high More exposure to English will increase learning Bilingual programs emphasize differences Bilingual education is a threat to the English language Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

24. 8-23 What is Multicultural Education? Addresses needs and backgrounds of all students regardless of cultural identity Committed to goal of providing all students regardless of socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation or ethnic, racial or cultural backgrounds with equal opportunities to learn Criticized for focusing on differences instead of similarities Criticized for not addressing powers that keep groups from participating equitably in society Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

25. 8-24 What is Multicultural Education? Dimensions of Multicultural Education Is this an improvement in mathematics? Jane had 3 apples and Bob has 5 applkes – how many apples do they have together? Jose’ has 3 tortillas and Maria has 5 tortillas – how many tortillas do they have together? Does the rewriting of texts present a more realistic view to the Hispanic students? Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

26. 8-25 What is Multicultural Education? Multicultural Instructional Materials and Strategies Guidelines Materials should portray accurate perspectives, attitudes, and feelings of ethnic group Fictional work should have strong ethnic characters Books should describe settings and experiences students can identify with and accurately reflect ethnicity Ethnic characters should face conflicts universal to all Illustrations should be accurate, ethnically sensitive, and well done Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

27. 8-26 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Gender Differences Sex role stereotyping – cultural differences between males and females partially shaped by society’s traditional expectations Sex role socialization – expectations conveyed concerning the way boys and girls are supposed to act (i.e. girls with dolls and boys with trucks) – (girls are passive and boys are active) – (girls will cry and boys are silent when experiencing pain) Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

28. 8-27 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Gender and Education Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA) Expanded math, science and technology for females Programs to reduce sex-role stereotyping in curriculum Programs to increase female educational administrators Programs to extend educational and career opportunities for minority, rural and disabled women Programs to increase career aspiration for females Encourage more females to participate in athletics Criticized and claims that now males are being short changed Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

29. 8-28 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Gender and Education Title IX – equality when federal funds are distributed to schools for sports activities Examples – girls may play football Boys may not play softball if a baseball team is availability at the school or at the conference level However, boys can not play field hockey (traditionally a girls’ sport) Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

30. 8-29 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Students – Students typically do not have support of teachers and counselors – Professional organizations have passed resolutions to acknowledge special needs of these students – Los Angeles developed Project 10 to focus on education and lessening the drop out rate for LGBT students – N.Y.C. created the Harvey Milk School (former San Francisco councilman) for self identified LGBT students to address specific needs Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

31. 8-30 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education? Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Students Research indicates – – 10% of all high school students have self identified as LGBT – 25% indicated they could discuss sexuality with counselors; – 20% indicated that they could identify someone who would openly support them; – 80% indicated that teachers have a bias toward LGBT and LGBT students – An increased attention to LGBT support in schools is necessary. Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

32. 8-31 How is gender a dimension of multicultural education – what is being done? Gender-Fair Classroom Promote boys’ achievements in reading and writing and girls’ achievement in math and science Reduce young children’s self-imposed sexism Teach about sexism and sex role stereotyping Foster atmosphere of collaboration between boys and girls Becoming At Teacher, 9e, Forrest W. Parkay ISBN: 0132767465 © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved