1. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs C++ Debugging (in Visual Studio and emacs) We’ve looked at programs from a text-based mode –Shell commands and command lines –Text editors, compiler, linker –How the program receives input and generates output –General program structure and logic We’ve also looked at Visual Studio –In which all of these functions are integrated… –…within a nice graphical environment Today we’ll bring those perspectives together –Debug a simple example program in Visual Studio –Look at how do the same thing within emacs

2. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Getting Started To set up your own environment for what we’ll cover –Log on and then ssh into grid.cec.wustl.edu –Create a new directory (e.g., mkdir prefix_adder ) –Save files from course web page (or copy them from the ~cse232/.www-docs/ directory) into that directory: Makefile prefix_adder.h prefix_adder.cc Also download those files to your Windows desktop –Create a new project in Visual Studio –Copy those files into the new project in Visual Studio –Build the project

3. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Debugging an Example Program Now we’ll use Visual Studio to debug a program –Step through (and into) functions –Watching the call stack and variable values But, before we start using Visual Studio… –What are we trying to achieve? –What do we expect our program to do? –How might our program fail? –Can we make predictions and test them? Thinking: the most powerful way to debug –Scientific method should guide what you do hypothesis, prediction, experiment, analysis –Tools can help you follow this disciplined approach faster

4. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs What the Example Program Does Called with command line arguments./prefix_adder + 8 + 9 10 Calculates prefix addition expressions + 8 + 9 10 + + 8 9 10 These are equivalent to their infix versions (8 + (9 + 10)) ((8 + 9) + 10) Key idea: walk through expresion, calculate value + +8 9 10 1 23 45 + + 8 9 1 2 34 5 same result different order

5. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs How the Example Program Can Fail Too few arguments in expression./prefix_adder + 8 + 9 Cannot calculate result + 8 + 9 (needs another value to finish 2 nd + operation) Exercise: try this on your own, for practice + +8 9 1 23 4???

6. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Example Program: Header File // prefix_adder.h // // author: Chris Gill cdgill@cse.wustl.edu // // purpose: Declarations for a simple prefix adder program, which // takes the command line arguments as a prefix addition // expression and computes an integer result. #ifndef PREFIX_ADDER_H #define PREFIX_ADDER_H // Function prototypes. void usage (char * program_name); int parse_and_compute (int & current_index, int last_index, char *argv[]); #endif /* PREFIX_ADDER_H */

7. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Example Program: Start of the Source File // prefix_adder.cc // // author: Chris Gill cdgill@cse.wustl.edu // // purpose: definitions for a simple prefix adder program, which // takes the command line arguments as a prefix addition // expression and computes an integer result. #include "prefix_adder.h" #include // For std output stream and manipulators. #include // For standard C++ strings. #include // For standard string streams. #include // For C-style string functions // Helper function to print out the program's usage message. void usage (char * program_name) { cout [ ]..." << endl << "Purpose: computes program arguments as prefix addition expression" << endl; }

8. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Example Program: Main Function int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { // A few useful constants for argument positions const int minimum_arguments = 2; const int starting_index = 1; const int program_name_index = 0; if (argc < minimum_arguments || strcmp (argv[starting_index], "--help") == 0) { usage (argv[program_name_index]); return 1; } try { // Pass the current and last index to use, and the array, to the // expression parsing function, and store the result. int current_position = starting_index; int value = parse_and_compute (current_position, argc - 1, argv); // Print out the result, and return success value. cout << "The value calculated is " << value << endl; return 0; } catch (...) { cout << "caught exception" << endl; return -1; }

9. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Example Program: Parsing Function // Helper function to parse the input symbols and compute a value. int parse_and_compute (int & current_index, int last_index, char *argv[]) { // make sure we're still in the argument range if (current_index > last_index) { throw; } // look for a single-symbol addition operator if (strlen (argv[current_index]) == 1 && *(argv[current_index]) == '+') { int first_operand = parse_and_compute (++current_index, last_index, argv); int second_operand = parse_and_compute (current_index, last_index, argv); return first_operand + second_operand; } // treat anything else as an integer else { int result; istringstream i (argv[current_index++]); i >> result; return result; } Exercise: –Set a break point at the first if statement in this function –Watch how stack grows/shrinks if you have debug continue

10. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Debugging in emacs

11. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Open Makefile, Source, Header Files in emacs

12. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Compile the Program: Esc x compile

13. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Hit Enter to Run “make -k”

14. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Compilation Succeeded

15. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Launch Debugger: Esc x gdb

16. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Run “gdb prefix_adder”

17. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs GDB Debugging Prompt

18. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Setting Breakpoints

19. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Running With Command Line Arguments

20. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs At Breakpoint in Main

21. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Stepping Through the Program

22. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs What Options Does Emacs/GUD Provide?

23. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Stepped into Function Call, now at a Breakpoint

24. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Printing out Values of Variables

25. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Continue to next Breakpoint, Look at Stack

26. CSE 232: C++ debugging in Visual Studio and emacs Exercise Build and debug a damaged version of the program –Save another file from course web page into the project (or create a new project with same Makefile and header file) bad_prefix_adder.cc –Build the new version of the program Debug what’s wrong with the program (no fair using diff to detect code differences ;-) –Run the program with different inputs –Observe what happens (how does it go wrong?) –Trace through the program in Visual Studio to narrow down the possible cause(s) of the problem(s) If you’d like to, also try the same thing in emacs –Fix the error(s), rebuild, and re-run to observe its behavior