1. How Autism/Asperger’s Impacts Instruction He’s Smart But……

2. Social Characteristics Examples –Has difficulty joining an activity –Is naïve, easily taken advantage of, or bullied –Tends to be less involved in group activities than peers –Has difficulty understanding others’ nonverbal communication –Has difficulty understanding jokes ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

3. Social Characteristics Examples –Desires to have friendships –Has difficulty recognizing feelings and thoughts of others (mindblindness) –Uses poor eye contact –Has difficulty maintaining personal space –Lacks tact or appears rude –Has difficulty making or keeping friends ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

4. Restricted Patterns of Behavior, Interests, and Activities Examples –Has strong need for routine or sameness –Desires repetition –Has eccentric or intense preoccupation/absorption in own unique interests –Asks repetitive questions ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

5. Restricted Patterns of Behavior, Interests, and Activities Examples –Seems to be unmotivated by customary rewards –Displays repetitive motor movements –Has problems handling transition and change –Has strong need for closure or difficulty stopping a task before it is completed ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

6. Communication Examples –Makes sounds repeatedly or states words or phrases repeatedly –Displays immediate or delayed echolalia –Interprets words or conversation literally –Has difficulty with rules of conversation –Fails to initiate or respond to social greetings –Has difficulty using gestures and facial expressions ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

7. Communication Examples –Has difficulty starting, joining, and ending conversation –Has difficulty asking for help –Makes irrelevant comments –Uses advanced vocabulary –Uses “mechanical” voice –Has difficulty understanding language with multiple meanings ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

8. Small group activity Worked with the people and your table Choose one characteristic from each of the previous three categories Develop a brief scenario of how each characteristic might interfere with instruction Be prepared to share one scenario with the large group

9. Associated Features Sensory Differences –Responds in an unusual manner to sounds, pain, taste, light, color, temperature and smells –Seeks/avoids activities that provide touch, pressure, or movement –Makes noises such as humming or singing constantly ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

10. Associated Features Cognitive Differences –Weak central coherence –Unevenness in cognitive abilities –Higher rate of specific learning disabilities –Poor problem-solving skills –Poor organizational skills –Weakness in reading comprehension –Inconsistent recall of information ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

11. Associated Features Motor Differences –Motor differences emerge during first 12 months –Catatonia – possibly 6-17% of individuals with ASD –Poor balance –Poor handwriting –Awkward gait ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

12. Associated Features Emotional Vulnerability –Is at greater risk for anxiety and depression –Is easily stressed –Appears depressed or sad –Appears anxious –Has difficulty tolerating mistakes –Has low frustration tolerance –Has difficulty managing stress/anxiety ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

13. Theoretical Perspectives Theory of Executive Dysfunction –Executive functioning (EF) – A broad group of mental processes, including working memory, behavioral inhibition, and self- regulation –Relationship between EF and autism –Executive dysfunction and the brain ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

14. Theoretical Perspectives Impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) –The ability to understand mental states, including beliefs, thoughts, desires, perceptions, intentions, and feelings, and to apply this to predict the actions of others –Development of ToM –Mindblindness ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

15. Theoretical Perspectives Theory of Weak Central Coherence –Central coherence describes the tendency to integrate information into a meaningful whole –Advantages of weak central coherence? –Disadvantages of weak central coherence? ©2008, Ruth Aspy, Ph.D. & Barry Grossman, Ph.D.

16. Videos

17. Reinforcement-based Interventions Reinforcement plays a central role in some of the most successful interventions for individuals with ASD.

18. In the Beginning Teach the rulesTeach the rules Define vague or abstract termsDefine vague or abstract terms –Respect –Listening –Appropriate Practice understandingPractice understanding ReinforceReinforce

19. What Would I Rather Him/Her Do? Begin to think of a replacement behavior This becomes the skill you need to teach

20. The Final Word It is not fair to expect anyone to exhibit a behavior which has never been taught. The key to changing inappropriate behaviors is replacing them with appropriate behaviors that serve the same function.