1. Gustar and Similar Verbs
Forms
Sentences that use gustar and similar verbs follow this sentence pattern:
indirect object pronoun + verb + subject
Me gusta la naturaleza. I like nature.
Me gustan las montañas. I like mountains.
In some cases, a prepositional phrase with a is used to clarify or to emphasize the indirect object.
me  a mí nos  a nosotros/as
te  a ti os  a vosotros/as
le  a él, a ella, a Ud. les  a ellos/as, a Uds.
A nosotros nos molesta el The noise of motorcycles
ruido de las motos. bothers us.
A algunas personas no les Some people don’t care about
importa el medio ambiente, the environment, but I do.
pero a mí me importa mucho.
Functions
To express a mental attitude or perception about something.

2. Present Subjunctive in Adjectival Clauses - Part 1
Forms
Add the present subjunctive endings to the stem of the yo form of the present indicative of a verb. In the present subjunctive, except for the yo forms, the -ar verbs take endings associated with the present indicative -er verbs and -er/-ir verbs take endings associated with the present indicative -ar verbs.
reciclar poner emitir
recicle ponga emita
recicles pongas emitas
reciclemos pongamos emitamos
recicléis pongáis emitáis
reciclen pongan emitan
Some subjunctive forms are irregular.
dar: dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den
ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
ser: sea, seas, sea, seamos, séais, sean

3. Present Subjunctive in Adjectival Clauses - Part 2
Some forms undergo spelling changes.
empezar  empiece
entregar  entregue
buscar  busque
Functions
To describe something with which the speaker has no experience or that may not exist. Compare these sentences.
Siempre compro jabón que no tiene perfumes artificiales.
Quiero comprar un detergente que no tenga perfumes artificiales.
In the first sentence, the speaker describes a soap with which he or she has experience and knows exists. In the second sentence, the speaker describes a detergent with which he or she has no experience; in fact, it may not even exist.

4. Informal Commands - Part 1
Forms
Affirmative commands:
Use the third-person singular of the present indicative to form affirmative singular (tú) commands.
Replace the -r of the infinitive with -d to form affirmative plural (vosotros) commands.
-ar VERBS -er VERBS -ir VERBS
reciclar: proteger: consumir:
tú recicla protege consume
vosotros reciclad proteged consumid
Several common verbs have irregular tú commands.
decir  di ir  ve salir  sal tener  ten
hacer  haz poner  pon ser  sé venir  ven
Object pronouns are attached to the end of the verb. Tú commands have a written accent mark on the stressed syllable when necessary or when two pronouns are added: póntelo. Vosotros commands drop the -d before adding the reflexive pronoun.
tú lávate el pelo
vosotros lavaos el pelo

5. Informal Commands - Part 2
Negative commands:
Use the tú and vosotros forms of the present subjunctive.
No contamines.
No contaminéis.
Pronouns always precede the verb in negative commands.
No te laves.
No os lavéis.
Functions
To tell someone with whom you are on familiar terms what to do
Consume/Consumid menos. Consume less.
Dime/Decidme la verdad. Tell me the truth.
To tell someone with whom you are on familiar terms what not to do
No compres/compréis vasos de Don’t buy plastic cups.
plástico.
No tires/tiréis los periódicos. Don’t throw newspapers away.