1. CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Chapter 4

2. How well do you know the carbon atom? Number of protons ______ Number of neutrons ______ Number of electrons ______ Atomic Number ______ Atomic Mass ______ Valence Electrons ______ Electrons needed to fill valence shell ______ Type of bond carbon atoms readily form ____________

3. Valences of the major elements of organic molecules Hydrogen ______ Oxygen ______ Nitrogen ______

4. Structural formula for CO 2 and CO(NH 2 ) 2 Carbon DioxideUrea

5. Naming Hydrocarbons: __________ __________ __________

6. II. Hydrocarbons: naming conventions Roots/Prefixes (2C stands for two carbons) 1 C - ____meth__ 6 C - ____hex____ 2 C - ____eth____7 C - ____hept___ 3 C - ____prop___ 8 C - ____oct____ 4 C - ____but____ 9 C - ____non____ 5 C - ____pent____10 C - ___dec____ Butane

7. Hydrocarbon Naming Conventions, Formulas and Examples Series of Hydrocarbon -endingFormula to determine # of H atoms * Bonding Alkane ANE C n H 2n+2 Single Bonds Only Alkene ENE C n H 2n One Double Bond C Alkyne YNE C n H 2n-2 One Triple Bond C * Where “n” is the number of carbon atoms

8. Hydrocarbons:

9. Name the molecule: C 6 H 12 O 6

10. Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

11. Isomers:

12. Structural Isomers: Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

13. Geometric Isomers: Have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements

14. Enantiomers: Isomers that are mirror images of each other The middle carbon is called an asymmetric carbon because it is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

15. abcde How many asymmetric carbons are in this molecule?

16. ONE!!!

17. Enantiomers: Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry Two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects Differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules

18. Enantiomers:

20. Functional Groups: Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties

21. Functional Groups: The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life: Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Amino group Sulfhydryl group Phosphate group Methyl group

22. Hydroxyl: What it looks Like…What it Makes…… alcohol Example(s):Functional Properties:  Is polar  Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

23. Carbonyl: What it looks Like…What it Makes…… Aldehyde – end Ketone - middle Example(s):Functional Properties:  A ketone and aldehyde may be structural isomers  These two groups are found in sugars giving rise to two major types of sugars

24. Carboxyl: What it looks Like…What it Makes…… Carboxylic Acid Example(s):Functional Properties:  Has acidic properties (is a source of hydrogen ions) because the covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

25. Amino: What it looks Like…What it Makes…… Amine Example(s):Functional Properties:  Acts as a base; can pick up an H + from the surrounding solution  Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions

26. Sulfhydryl: What it looks Like…What it Makes…… Thiol Example(s):Functional Properties:  Two sulfhydryl groups can react forming a covalent bond. This “cross- linkage” helps stabilize protein structure.

27. Phosphate: What it looks Like…What it Makes…… Organic Phosphate Example(s):Functional Properties:  Has the potential to react with water, releasing energy

28. Methyl: What it looks Like…What it Makes…… Methylated Compounds Example(s):Functional Properties:  Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes.