1. General Principles of Musculoskeletal System
Dr. dr. Djoko Prakoso
General Principle of Locomotion
dr. Muh. Ardi Munir, M.Kes, Sp.OT, FICS, M.H
Dept. of Anatomy / Orthopaedic &Traumatologi UnTad
General Principles of Musculoskeletal System
Block 3 int-prog Jan 3, 2004

2. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
Support and frame work
Protect the body and its organs
Provide motion / locomotors function
Hemopoetik system
storage & exchange of Calcium & phosphate ions

3. Major Substructures - skeleton - joints - ligaments - muscles
- tendons
- neurological elements responsible for locomotor control.

4. Properties - macroscopic - microscopic - physiologic - biochemistry
- biomechanics

5. Skeleton Consists: bones & cartilages Bones:
- provide a framework of levers
- protect organ
- contain marrow --> produce blood cells
- storage & exchange of Ca & phosphate ions
Cartilage:
- hyaline: articular, costal, respiratory, nasal
- elastic: external ear, epiglottis
- fibrocartilages: intervertebral disc, meniscus

6. Bones - Types: long, short, flat, irregular
- Parts: compact - spongious - medullary cavity
diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis
periosteum
- blood & nerve supply
- microscopic structure
- development:
osteogenesis & ossification
increase in size & maturity, & aging

7. Skeleton

11. Intramembranous Ossification

12. Endochondral Ossification

13. Cartilages Types: - hyaline
in embryo, epiphysial disc, ribs, articular,
respiratory tract
- fibrocartilage
in certain cartilagineous joint, articular disc
- elastic cartilage
in auricle & auditory tube

15. Joints (arthroses) Classification:
synarthroses: - articulationes fibrosae & cartilagineae
diarthroses : - articulationes synoviales OR
Solid joints : - fibrous & cartilagineous joints
Cavitated joints: - synovial joints

19. Morphology of a Synovial Joint

23. Synovial joints Types: according to axis of movement:
- uni-, bi-, triaxial
According to the shapes of articular surfaces:
- plane, hinge (ginglymus), condylar, spheroidal, ellipsoidal, pivot (trochoid), saddle

24. Synovial Joints Movements: - active - passive
Blood supply: plexus subsynovial nerve supply :
- vasomotor fibers
- pain fibers
- fibers to detect speed and direction of movement
- fibers to detect joint position

28. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscle cells/myocytes function --> movement
Classification Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

33. Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fibers extrafusal intrafusal (muscle spindle)
endomysium
fasciculi
perimysium
epimysium

38. Attachment of skeletal muscle
Tendons
Aponeuroses
Fascia
Origin
Insertion

39. Naming of Muscles
The names given to individual muscles usually descriptive, based on their: shape
- size
- number of heads or bellies position depth attachment action
These terms are often used in combination

40. Blood Supply
From adjacent vessels: one or several anastomosing vessels
Artery enters on the deep surface
Form neurovascular bundle with veins and nerves
Veins have valves
Lymphatic vessels commence at epimysium & perimysium

41. Motor Units
A functional unit formed by a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
Accounts for simultaneous contraction of a number of fibers within a muscle
Size: small in muscles for precision tasks
large in postural muscles

42. Gradation of muscle contraction
Strategy:
Increase the impulse frequency of motorneuron
Increase the number of motor unit recruited

44. Fiber type of adult skeletal muscle
Classification of muscle fibers
morphology: red, white
histochemistry: myosin ATPase, myosin phenotype
physiology: fast & slow contracting, fatigue resistant.
biochemistry: oxidative, glycolytic, etc.

46. Muscle Histochemistry

47. Functional implications of shape and fiber architecture
Direction of action:
The resultant force generated by a muscle is directed along the line of tendon
Muscle with twist geometry: the fibers shorten and brought to the same plane

49. Force and Range of Contraction
- Summation of actin-myosin cross-bridges
- depend on the cross sectional area
Range:
- Summation of subtraction of min-max overlapping between actin and myosin
- depend on the length of the fibers

50. Study of muscle action Anatomical method
Localized electrical stimulation
Manual palpation
EMG
EMG + other tools
Clinical method

51. Actions of muscles Isometric vs isotonic contraction
concentric vs eccentric

55. Classification of muscle role
Prime mover
antagonist
fixator
synergist

56. Biomechanics
First Class Lever
Second Class Lever
Third Class Lever

60. PUSING ….. ??

61. TERIMA KASIH