1. FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS ISSUES ON RADIATION BELTS AND REMEDIATION MURI Highlights Dennis Papadopoulos University of Maryland, College Park Interim Review December 12, 2010 San Francisco, CA Acknowledge Contributions: DARPA/BRIOCHE Program BAE Systems AT: C.L.Chang, I. Doxas, J. Lebinsky NRL: M. Lampe, G. Ganguli, J. Huba

2. 22 OVERARCHING OBJECTIVES TECHNICAL – DEVELOP QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF THE LOSS RATE OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN THE INNER RADIATION BELTS AND TEST AGAINST OBSERVATIONS – ASSES AND TEST CONCEPTS FOR CONTROLLED INJECTION OF VLF/ELF/ULF WAVES IN THE RB FROM GROUND AND SPACE PLATFORMS – PROVIDE THE PHYSICS UNDERPINNINGS THAT CAN LEAD TO ACTIVE CONTROL THE ENERGETIC PARTICLE FLUX TRAPPED IN THE RADIATION BELTS (RBR ; PRBR) EDUCATIONAL – DEVELOP THE SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER WITH THE INTERDISCIPLINARY SKILLS REQUIRED TO ADDRESS FUTURE MAJOR TECHNICAL ISSUES OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

3. 33 Methodology-Resources HAARP DEMETER DMSP CONJUGATE BUOYS LAPD TOPICS ADDRESSED BY AN INTERPLAY OF THEORY/COMPUTATION, LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS, FIELD EXPERIMENTS, SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

4. 44 PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES Radiate - Inject efficiently from space or ground VLF/ELF/ULF waves in the RB Ionospheric Current Drive (ICD) Performance of electric dipole antennas at VLF in plasmas (DSX - AF) VLF generation in RB by injection of low ionization chemicals - Innovative Injection Concepts – Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) Propagate – Guide waves to regions of enhanced RB Injection to naturally occurring ducts Generation of artificial ducts by ionospheric heaters (HAARP) The missing 20 dB puzzle Amplify – Use the free energy stored in trapped energetic particles to amplify the VLF wave power The physics of Artificially Stimulated Emissions Optimizing conditions for ASE Precipitate – Physics of particle precipitation with Wave Particle Interactions (WPI) The physics of slot formation The physics of energetic proton loss How to precipitate without requiring resonance

5. Q1. Can we use ground HF to inject ELF in the relevant regions of the RB? Current Status: Need the presence of an electrojet – Polar Electrojet (PEJ) Ant. Demeter Stanford MURI Challenge: Inject ELF using HF without needing an electrojet Ionospheric Current Drive (ICD) Concept Step 1: MS Wave Step 2: E field of MS wave drives Hall current in E-region resulting in secondary antenna resembling PEJ Injects SAW upwards and ELF in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide

6. ICD Modeling: Generalize and modify Bob Lysak’s code ( Lysak,1997.)  =-90 o MSSAW t=.56 sec MSSAW t=4.6 sec Ionospheric Model Ground B Field

7. MOVIE

8. Proof of Concept ICD Experiment – Conducted under DARPA/BRIOCHE Chang-Lebinsky-Milikh-Papadopoulos 2.8 MHz, O-mode

9. Code Validation against DEMETER data DARPA/BRIOCHE

10. Implications of ICD to RB and RBR – Potential Arecibo Tests Eliasson-Papadopoulos: Oblique model includes spontaneous B field generation HF heating SAW injection Concept to be tested experimentally as soon as Arecibo transmitter becomes operational. Radiation Probes could provide diagnostics Papadopoulos and Chang GRL, 1985 B Ground B field B field at 90 km Ganguly-Gordon- Papadopoulos PRL 1985

11. Implications of ICD to Navy ELF Communications: Invited by Dr. Junker (ONR) to brief the National Naval Responsibility (NNR) Underwater Communications Technical Panel Key items: 1. ICD can provide ELF at all times and at all latitudes 2. It can provide a ship-towed mobile ELF system Ejet Quiet ICD PEJ M≈5x10 9 A-m 2 Results of DARPA/BRIOCHE Campaign Chang- Papadopoulos

12. ICD Scaling with Geomagnetic Latitude E Σ = 5 S Σ = 500 S B h M≈  Lh~  Secondary antenna efficiency 40 dB higher in equator Cowling effect Dip Equator

13. ICD Scaling with Geomagnetic Latitude B h E I Hall Conductance vs. Geomagnetic Latitude HAARP For P HF =500 kW we get M eff ≈6x10 10 A-m 2 at  M eff ≈1.5x10 10 A-m 2 at  For P HF =500 KW M=6x10 10 A-m 2 M=1.5x10 10 A-m 2

14. Implications - Barge or Shipboard Option High Latitude 10 MHz 1 MHz Equator Strawman HF Array HF frequency 8-10 MHz Linear polarization Twenty 25-kW solid state transmitters Ship provided power 4 MHz Can provide theater and strategic sub communications Enhance Blue-Green laser tactical communications by providing info as to transmit and receive locations Combination of low HF power and high HF frequency requirements allow for mobile option

15. ICD Emerged as a new as well as novel technology for using ground based HF to inject SAW in the RB as well as an important contributor to underwater communications and other DoD applications DARPA/BRIOCHE and ONR/MURI Collaboration a Key ingredient of success

16. Q2: Can we use Rotating Magnetic Fields to Radiate Efficiently in Space Plasmas and if so what is the use ? MURI challenge: Use LAPD experiments in conjunction with theory/modeling to understand the efficiency and utility of RMF antennas 1. Efficient SAW generation Satellites carrying magnets use their spin to inject SAW in RB RM on ground can inject SAW in the RB Orbiting satellite carrying superconducting or permanent magnet Controlling its spin results in injection of SAW in the RB SAW B M Ground Ion

17. Q2: Can use Rotating Magnetic Fields to Radiate Efficiently in Space Plasmas and if so what is the use ? MURI challenge: Use LAPD experiments in conjunction with theory/modeling to understand the efficiency and utility of RMF antennas 2. Transverse B w does not vary with time - gradB Q3: Can we break the electron adiabatic invariance without the need of cyclotron resonance ? See Gekelman and Sharma presentations

18. Q4: Is it possible to consider a combined ground based RBR and PRBR system? Inject ULF (1-30 Hz) waves from the ground into the Proton Radiation Belt (L~1.5-1.8 shells) to cause Pitch Angle Diffusion (PAD) and increase proton precipitation An array of superconducting magnets, located at selected footprints of the field lines rotating at 1-30 Hz rate inject Alfven waves into the RB. These waves interact resonantly with the trapped energetic protons resulting in increase of their precipitation rate. B0 trapped  PRBR Concept – Motivated by vulnerability of submicron based electronics to energetic protons Briefed to DARPA Director and AF Deputy Assistant Secretary Steve Walker

19. Ground Based RBR concept similar system with PRBR but relies on EMIC waves Frequencies 10-70 Hz There have never been any EMIC studies in the laboratory See Moralles (UCLA) talk Priority in option phase LAPD

20. Q5: What physics causes the “20 dB puzzle”? ≠ Starks, et al. (2008) “Anomalous Absorption” Good word but what is the underlying physics (what do we hide under rug?) Talks by Scales (VT), Wang (USC), Faust (SU) and Shao (UMCP)

21. Ion density measured at 670 km by DEMETER overflying HAARP MZ (connected points) along with the numerical modeling (color traces). Ion density, fraction of O+ ions, and vertical ion velocity measured by two DMSP satellites overflying HAARP MZ at 850 km. Q6: How reliably can we generate ionospheric ducts? Code validation – See Milikh (UMCP) Experiments conducted under DARPA/BRIOCHE Spin off – HF focusing -> See Vartanyan (UMCP)

22. Q7: Are there ways to increase the probability of amplification? Theoretical and experimental studies using chirping Q8: How good are our models of ducted whistler propagation ? Q9: How important is the Ionospheric Alfven Resonator (AIR) ? See Presentation by Anatoly Streltsov (Dartmouth)

23. Q10: What types of waves create the slot? Talk by Gemelos (SU) Q11: What is the radiation efficiency of high voltage electric dipoles in the plasmasphere at whistler frequencies ? Update by Qiu (SU) Combine lightning and Demeter data

24. Thanks etc – This is an interim review of the MURI whose purpose is less to show off the MURI’s achievements and more to take a deep breath, look at what we have been doing and select the challenges that need to finish in our final year. Given our time constraints I will try to be brief and with the exception of one, essentially highlight some of the challenges we set out to address, let the MURI performers tell their more detailed story. As a reminder the overarching objectives of the MURI were….. and the methodology is illustrated in ….. As before the physics issues were grossly divided in Radiate, Propagate, Amplify and Precipitate. I will highlight some of the issues associated with them in the form of questions that we are trying to resolve and their relevance. Structure of presentation in form of key questions

25. Objective: Use ground based HF to inject ULF/ELF/VLF waves in the RB in order to induce energetic particle precipitation Current Solution: Modulate ejet currents flowing in the D/E region using electron heating by modulated HF injection (PEJ) Problem: Ejets do not connect to field lines of interest for RBR. Challenge: Is it possible to use HF to drive currents in the ionosphere freeing the process from its dependence on ejet? MURI provided the fundamental concept of ICD – Experimental PoP conducted under DARPA/BRIOCHE (C.L. Chang PI)

26. Low ELF Observed by Demeter Satellite 2010-11-06, 06:15:00-06:34:30 ELF 11 Hz modulation (O-MZ) 11Hz showed along track near HAARP, not before/after Duration: 17s or 130 km Peak Ey ~ 0.08 (mV/m) 2 /Hz > Bx ~ 0.25 pT in free space, comparable to ground value BRIOCHE QPR4 NOV 2010 26

27. Gakona: clear signals on the ground – NS: 0.2 pT; EW: 0.05 pT Poker Flat: no signal on the ground Low ELF Observed by Demeter Satellite 2010-11-06, 06:15:00-06:34:30 ELF 11 Hz modulation (O-MZ) BRIOCHE QPR4 NOV 2010 27

28. This event occurred at quiet time with sporadic E layer ICD at E layer ? No magnetic activities, no electrojet Low ionospheric absorption Low ELF Observed by Demeter Satellite BRIOCHE QPR4 NOV 2010 28

29. Poker Flat received a number of ELF signals in 11 – 49 Hz range Poker ELF: EW > NS vs. Gakona ELF: NS > EW Gakona to Poker amp. reduced by 15 – 20 times Oct-Nov 2010 BRIOCHE Campaign: ELF - Poker Flat BRIOCHE QPR4 NOV 2010 29

30. Superconducting RMF with 1 m length,.1 m 2 area, 1.5 x 10 4 turns gives 10 5 -10 6 A-m 2 nT at 1 km Spinning satellite with magnetic structure can act as as antenna – Cube sats