1. Energy ATP: Energy for Cells Metabolic Pathways & Enzymes Oxidation-Reduction Metabolism – the Dynamic Cell Spring 2013 - Althoff Reference: Mader & Windelspecht Ch. 6) Lec 06

2. What is Energy? ___________ energy Constantly converted to kinetic energy Energy of ____________ Constantly converted to potential energy Potential EnergyKinetic Energy = the __________________, quantified by… _______ = amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 0 C Successful organisms “_____” the energy game

3. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another SECOND LAW OF THERMODYANMICS Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. Also associated with the term __________ --the relative amount of disorganization associated with every energy transformation __________ LAWS

4. MORE organized LESS organized GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE & WATER

5. Less ___________ More potential energy More organized More ____________ Less potential energy Less organized LESS EntropyMORE Entropy

6. 1 adenosine group 3 phosphate groups (triphosphate) _____: what cells spend for energy

7. Flow of Energy CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CHEMICAL WORK TRANSPORT WORK MECHANICAL WORK

8. ______________ WORK —ex: protein, lipid, carbohydrate synthesis or breakdown of those complex organic molecules ______________ WORK —ex: move molecules from one location to another, especially across the plasma membrane ______________ WORK —ex: muscle contractions, cilia and flagella to beat, chromosomes to be moved Functions of ATP…

9. _____________ REACTIONS —ENERGY REQUIRED, RESULTS IN _______________ OF COMPOUNDS _____________ REACTIONS —ENERGY REQUIRED, RESULTS IN _______________ OF COMPOUNDS (chemical bonds are broken) Metabolic Reactions __________________ = all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell during growth and repair

10. Enzymes ____________ these reactions Enzymes only speed up reactions, they ______________ make reactions that are not possible to begin with Enzymes can “bring together” molecules that will react to each other AND reduce the ___________________ Enzymes can be “_____________” METABOLIC __________ = series of linked reactions that begin with a particular reactant (i.e. SUBSTRATE) and terminate with an end product ____________ = protein molecule that functions as a catalyst in a chemical reaction (i.e, metabolic pathways)

11. METABOLIC PATHWAYS & ENZYMES A metabolic pathway can be represented by a simple diagram. –The letters A-G indicate ________________ –The letters E 1 -E 6 represent _______________. –A is the substrate for E 1, B is the substrate for E 2, and so on. E 1 E 2 E 3 E 4 E 5 E 6 A  B  C  D  E  F  G

12. REACTANT Potential energy Reaction PRODUCT Less energy needed for activiation WITH ENZYME More energy needed for activiation ________________ ENZYME

13. Rate of Reaction (product per unit of time Temperature 0 C What affects enzymes?

14. Rate of Reaction (product per unit of time) pH What effects enzymes? pH “____________” in stomach pH “_______________” in small intestine

15. Enzyme Reaction occurs Enzyme Substrate (reactants) Products  Reactants “_________________” on the enzyme  Reaction occurs ____________ because of enzyme  Product results and enzyme is ‘______________’ 1 2 3

16. Say it with “…______”: NAMING OF ENZYMES LipidLipase UreaUrease MaltoseMaltoase LactoseLactase SucroseSucrase Ribonucleic acid Ribonuclease some proteinsTrypsin some proteinsPepsin Etc. Substrate/ReactantEnzyme

17. Oxidation & Reduction OXIDATION – _______ of electron(s) by molecules during the oxidation-reduction process REDUCTION –_______ of electron(s) by molecules during oxidation-reduction process Both processes all take place at the same time Take place during photosynthesis and cellular respiration

18. For the record… PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the _________ of CELLULAR RESPIRATION 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + ENERGY  C 6 H 12 0 6 +6O 2 C 6 H 12 0 6 +6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + ENERGY PHOTOSYNTHESIS: H 2 O is oxidized, CO 2 is reduced CELLULAR RESPIRATION: C 6 H 12 O 6 is oxidized, O 2 is reduced

19. ________________ – moving H + The production of ATP due to a hydrogen ion (H + ) ___________ across a membrane Occurs in _________________ and _________________…the energy organelles of cells  Starts with H + pump pumping H + _______ the membrane  Completes when H + ions cross back through the membrane through an ________________ complex Mader, p115 – summary, Fig. 6.13

20. Chemiosmosis – moving H + Low H + conc. High H + conc. 1 2