2. Ch. 8 The Muscular System I’m only 73 yrs. Young!

3. The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement Three basic muscle types are found in the body –S–S–S–Skeletal muscle –C–C–C–Cardiac muscle –S–S–S–Smooth muscle

4. Characteristics of Muscles Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments All muscles share some terminology –Prefix myo refers to muscle –Prefix mys refers to muscle –Prefix sarco refers to flesh

5. Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Most are attached by tendons to bones

6. Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Cells are multinucleate Striated – have visible banding Voluntary – subject to conscious control Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

7. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle Fascia – on the outside of the epimysium

8. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Endomysium – around single muscle fiber Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers

9. Skeletal Muscle Attachments Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment –Tendon – cord-like structure –Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure Sites of muscle attachment –Bones –Cartilages –Connective tissue coverings

10. Smooth Muscle Characteristics Has no striations Spindle-shaped cells Single nucleus Involuntary – no conscious control Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

11. Cardiac Muscle Characteristics Has striations Usually has a single nucleus Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc Involuntary Found only in the heart

12. Function of Muscles Produce movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate heat

13. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Cells are multinucleate Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma

14. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemma – specialized plasma membrane Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

15. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Myofibril –Bundles of myofilaments –Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands I band = light band A band = dark band

16. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Sarcomere –Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

17. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Organization of the sarcomere –Thick filaments = myosin filaments Composed of the protein myosin Has ATPase enzymes

18. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Organization of the sarcomere –Thin filaments = actin filaments Composed of the protein actin

19. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges) Myosin and actin overlap somewhat

20. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin filaments Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) – for storage of calcium

21. Nerve Stimulus to Muscles Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract Motor unit –One neuron –Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

22. Nerve Stimulus to Muscles Neuromuscular junctions – association site of nerve and muscle

23. Nerve Stimulus to Muscles Synaptic cleft – gap between nerve and muscle –Nerve and muscle do not make contact –Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid

24. Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Neurotransmitter – chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse –The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is acetylcholine Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na + )

25. Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Sodium rushing into the cell generates an action potential Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped

26. The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (crossbridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin filament

27. The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted)

28. The Sliding Filament Theory

29. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses Graded responses – different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

30. Types of Graded Responses Twitch –Single, brief contraction –Not a normal muscle function

31. Types of Graded Responses Tetanus (summing of contractions) –One contraction is immediately followed by another –The muscle does not completely return to a resting state –The effects are added

32. Types of Graded Responses Unfused (incomplete) tetanus –Some relaxation occurs between contractions –The results are summed

33. Types of Graded Responses Fused (complete) tetanus –No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions –The result is a sustained muscle contraction

34. Energy for Muscle Contraction Initially, muscles used stored ATP for energy –Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy –Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP

35. Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract The common reason for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt –Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove oxygen debt –Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less

36. Muscle Tone Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control

37. Muscles and Body Movements Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone

38. Muscles and Body Movements Muscles are attached to at least two points –Origin – attachment to a moveable bone –Insertion – attachment to an immovable bone

39. Five Golden Rules of Gross Muscle Activity 1.All muscles cross at least one joint 2.The bulk of muscles lies proximal to the joint crossed 3.All muscles have at least 2 attachments: origin & insertion 4.Muscles only pull/never push 5.During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin

40. Effects of Exercise on Muscle Aerobics result in stronger muscles due to increase blood supply Muscle fibers increase mitochondria and oxygen storage Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant Heart enlarges to pump more blood to body Does not increase skeletal muscle size

41. Resistance training results in the increase of muscle size & strength Individual muscle cells make more contractile filaments & connective tissue increases Effects of Exercise on Muscle

42. Types of Ordinary Body Movements FlexionExtensionRotationAbductionCircumduction

43. Body Movements

45. Types of Muscles Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

46. Naming of Skeletal Muscles Direction of muscle fibers –Example: rectus (straight) Relative size of the muscle –Example: maximus (largest)

47. Naming of Skeletal Muscles Location of the muscle –Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis) Number of origins –Example: triceps (three heads)

48. Naming of Skeletal Muscles Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion –Example: sterno (on the sternum) Shape of the muscle –Example: deltoid (triangular) Action of the muscle –Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)

49. Head and Neck Muscles

50. Trunk Muscles

51. Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles

52. Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh

53. Muscles of the Lower Leg

54. Superficial Muscles: Anterior

55. Superficial Muscles: Posterior

56. Muscular Dystrophy Congenital muscle-destroying disease affect specific muscle groups Muscle fibers degenerate & atrophy due to an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact Most common & serious—Duchenne’s M.D. –Mostly in males (diagnosed between 2-6 yrs) –Survival is rare beyond early 30’s –X-linked recessive

57. Myasthenia gravis Rare adult disease caused by antibodies to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction which prevents the muscle contraction from occurring Drooping upper eyelids, difficulty swallowing & talking, muscle weakness & fatigue Death occurs when respiratory muscles cease to function

58. Aging Connective Tissue increases Amount of Muscle tissue decreases Muscles become stringier(sinewy) Body weight declines due to loss of muscle mass By age 80, muscle strength usually decrease by 50% without weight training exercises