1. Botulinum Neurotoxin By: Mehak Ahmed, Isabel Carley & Allegra Picano

2. http://www.syntaxin.com/technology-platform.aspx#

3. Background One of the most poisonous/deadly biological substances known, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum Consists of 7 related A-B toxins Comprised of heavy chain and light chain Interferes with neurotransmission by blocking release of acetylcholine Ingestion leads to Botulism, various spastic movement disorders, weakness, paralysis FDA approved for use of Botox

4. http://www.npr.org/tags/137699098/botulism http://www.offthemark.com

5. Signaling The ligand is Botulinum Neurotoxin Bound to nerve ending at point where nerve joins muscle Dual receptors to achieve their high affinity and specificity for neurons Botulinum neurotoxin type B binds to both its protein receptor synaptotagmin II and its ganglioside receptor GD1a

6. Normal v. Altered Pathway http://aes.sagepub.com/content/29/6_suppl/S34/F2.expansion.html

7. Transduction Light chain is released and splits the snare proteins that usually allow the release of Acetylcholine Light chain acts as a protease

8. Normal v. Altered Pathway SNARE proteins allow acetylcholine to be released from the synapse Botulinum neurotoxin cuts the proteins which prevents the release of Acetylcholine SNARE protein = G protein http://flochalmers.files.worldpress.com/2013/03/11_6gprotein.jp g

9. Response Blocks release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, NO RESPOSNE Does not allow “SNARE” proteins to form Exocytosis cannot take place and release neurotransmitter http://medicalreference.net/?view=page&url= botulinum-toxin-1887

10. Cellular Response http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v12/n8/full/nrmicro3295.html

11. Normal v. Altered Pathway http://www.magnusmedi cine.eu/magnusbiotechn ology.html

12. Compared to a G- protein Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reece, Lisa Andrea. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven Alexander. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, and Rob Jackson. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Print.

13. Works Cited "Botulinum Toxin." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014. Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reece, Lisa Andrea. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven Alexander. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, and Rob Jackson. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2008. Print. DeCarvalho, Julia P. "Botulinum Toxin." - Toxipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014. "MEDICATION GUIDEMYOBLOC® (My-o-block)(rimabotulinumtoxinB) Injection." Medication Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014. Nigam, P. K., and Anjana Nigam. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 30 June 0005. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.