1. Figure 5.1 Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Enzymatic activity Phospholipid Cholesterol CYTOPLASM Cell-cell recognition Glycoprotein Intercellular junctions Microfilaments of cytoskeleton ATP Transport Signal transduction Receptor Signaling molecule Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

2. Passive transport  Passive transport = diffusion across cell membrane –No energy required!! –No transport protein required!!!  Moves WITH concentration gradient  Examples: –Urea, CO2, O2, Water, small hydrophobic © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Membrane Selectivity Animation: Diffusion

3. Figure 5.3A Molecules of dye Membrane Pores Net diffusion Equilibrium

4. Figure 5.3B Net diffusion Equilibrium

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Osmosis Solute molecule with cluster of water molecules Water molecule Selectively permeable membrane Solute molecule H2OH2O Lower concentration of solute Higher concentration of solute Equal concentrations of solute Osmosis = diffusion of water across a membrane

6. Figure 5.5 Animal cell Plant cell Turgid (normal) Flaccid Shriveled (plasmolyzed) Plasma membrane Lysed NormalShriveled Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Crenation plasmolysis Turgor pressure = pressure of cell membrane and vacuole against plant cell wall

7. Osmoregulation = Water Balance  Osmoreguatation = all organisms must regulate internal water concentrations –Remove excess water: –Contractile vacuoles - protists –Freshwater organisms – kidneys, gills –Prevent water loss: –Guard cells in plants (close stomates in leaves to prevent water loss) –Kidneys; our skin © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Paramecium Vacuole Video: Chlamydomonas Video: Turgid Elodea Video: Plasmolysis

8. Facilitated Diffusion = Passive diffusion of solute using a transport protein Solute molecule Transport protein Only moves solutes with concentration gradient! Examples: ion channels, aquaporin, GLUT1 (glucose) transporter

9. 5.7 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: Research on another membrane protein led to the discovery of aquaporins  Dr. Peter Agre received the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his discovery of aquaporins.  His research on the Rh protein used in blood typing led to this discovery. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Figure 5.7

11. Active Transport (using transport protein)  In active transport, a cell –must expend energy to –move a solute against its concentration gradient.  Primary active transport = ATP used as direct energy source –Ex: Na-K-ATP Pump  Secondary active transport = ATP used indirectly –H+ Pump; Na-Glucose Cotransporter  The following figures show the four main stages of active transport. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Active Transport

12. Figure 5.8_s4 Transport protein Solute ADP ATP P P P Protein changes shape. Phosphate detaches. Solute binding Phosphate attaching TransportProtein reversion 4 32 1

13. Na-K-ATP Pump 3 Na+ OUTSIDE CELL 2 K+ INSIDE CELL ATP hydrolysis Net effect: High [Na+] built up outside cell High [K+] built up inside cell Net effect: High [Na+] built up outside cell High [K+] built up inside cell

14. Na-Glucose Cotransporter 3 Na+ OUTSIDE CELL 2 K+ INSIDE CELL ATP hydrolysis Uses potential energy of [Na+] to drive glucose INTO cell, against glucose [ ] gradient. Glucose pumped INTO cell Na+ is allowed to come back INTO cell, following its [ ] Found in small intestine

15. H+ Pumps  Use energy of moving electrons to transport H+ against [ ] gradient H+ can be pushed AGAINST [ ] gradient to one side of a membrane or the other ELECTRON SLIDE High energy electrons Low energy electrons

16. 5.9 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes  There are three kinds of endocytosis. 1.Phagocytosis = cell eating (cell takes in solids by vesicle) 2.Pinocytosis = cell drinking (cell takes in fluids by vesicle). 3.Receptor-mediated endocytosis receptors on surface bind molecule and bring in inside cell thru a vesicle. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Phagocytosis Animation: Exocytosis Animation: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Animation: Pinocytosis Animation: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Introduction

17. Figure 5.9 Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CYTOPLASM Pseudopodium “Food” or other particle Food vacuole Food being ingested Plasma membrane Vesicle Receptor Specific molecule Coated pit Coated vesicle Coat protein Coated pit Material bound to receptor proteins