1. Public Opinion and Political Socialization
Chapter 5
Public Opinion and Political Socialization

2. WSU ESSAY #3 Public Opinion
From the time we are born, many things shape our political attitudes and beliefs. Discuss how our opinions are formed. What aspect of political socialization do you believe has the biggest impact on opinions? Why?

3. Ch. 5 Scenario #1
Read page intro on the Death Penalty. What is your opinion about the death penalty? Does it deter people from killing? Explain.

4. Death Penalty Poll For Class
The recent execution of Troy Davis proves the death penalty should be abolished.
Lethal Injection is more humane than electrocution, asphyxiation, gas chamber, or hanging.
Stoning or beheading is acceptable forms of punishment.
Discussion.

5. Public Opinion
Public opinion about the death penalty a good example of how opinions affect policymaking.
Public Opinion: the collective attitudes of citizens concerning a given issue or question.

6. The Death Chamber
Alabama electric chair, an option for death in 9 states. Lethal injection is used in the vast majority of executions. The chair shows the ultimate power that government has to control behavior.

7. Characteristics of Public Opinion
Opinions about a given government policy can change over time, often dramatically
Public opinion places boundaries on allowable types of public policies
If asked, citizens will give opinions about matters with which they have no experience
Governments tend to respond to public opinion
The government sometimes does not do what people want
Read examples on page

8. Public Opinion and Models of Democracy
Opinion polling dates from the 1930s
Not a powerful research tool until computers invented in 1950s
Founders built public opinion into structure of government by allowing direct election of representatives to the House and apportioning representation there by population

9. Sampling a Few, Predicting to Everyone
Statistical theory of sampling holds that a sample of a population selected by chance is representative of that population
Three factors affect accuracy of sample:
Must be chosen randomly
Larger samples more accurate
Greater variation in population means greater chance for differences in ability to predict

10. Accurate Polling
Most national opinion polling organizations poll 1,500 individuals
Accurate within 3 percentage points 95% of the time
Even this small margin of error can mean incorrect predictions in close elections
Polls can be wrong because of biased question wording or superficial responses
Look at current polls:

11. Public Opinion and Democracy
Majoritarian model of democracy holds government should do what a majority of the people want
Around 70% of Americans think majority opinion should have a great deal of influence on politicians
Pluralist model of democracy believes democracy requires free expression of opinions by minority groups
Public as a whole rarely demonstrates clear, consistent opinions

12. Public Opinion and Democracy
Difficult to see U.S. as democratic under majoritarian model
Bills passed in Congress or state legislatures do not always reflect public opinion
Supreme Court decisions sometimes go against majority opinion (prayer at graduation – 75%)
Majoritarian model assumes clear, consistent public opinion about public policies
Pluralist model sees public uninformed and inconsistent about specific issues

13. Gallup Poll Accuracy Started by George Gallup in 1930s.
Predictions of presidential elections overall pretty accurate. See year 2000.
1948 – Truman not expected to win.
1992- Perot not included in poll, explaining overestimate of Clinton.

14. Stop the Presses! Oops, Too Late….
The Most Embarrassing Headline in American Politics:
Polling was still new in the 1948 election.
Early polls showed Republican Thomas Dewey far ahead.
Most organizations stopped polling weeks before the election.
The Chicago Daily Tribune proclaimed Dewey’s victory before the votes were counted.
The few polls taken closer to election day showed Truman catching up to Dewey.

15. The Distribution of Public Opinion
To understand and act on public opinion, government must understand how it is distributed
Distribution of public opinion falls into three patterns:
Skewed
Bimodal
Normal

16. Distribution Models for Public Opinion
Description of public opinion results depends on mode, or most frequent response
Skewed distributions have most respondents with one opinion
Bimodal distributions have two answers chosen with about equal frequency
Normal distributions are bell-shaped along a continuum, requiring a moderate approach to policymaking

17. Figure 5.2 Three Distributions of Opinion

18. Stability of the Distribution
Stable distributions have little change over time
When same question produces different responses over time, public opinion has shifted
When different questions on same issue produce similar results, underlying attitudes stable

19. Ideological Distributions
Since 1964, ideologies have been skewed towards conservatism
Since 1992, slightly more conservatives and fewer moderates
Changes in subgroups, such as college students, may not be reflected in general population
Opinions about controversial issues can change dramatically over time
In 1958, 4% of Americans approved of interracial marriage. By 2007, 77% approved.

20. Figure 5.3 Are Students More Conservative Than Their Parents?
Researchers at UCLA have been polling political orientation of entering freshman. In contrast to the American public, college students increasingly describe themselves as more liberal than they did in the mid 1980s.

21. Political Socialization
Values acquired through political socialization
Most people exposed to same sources of influence, or agents of socialization
Family
School
Community
Peers
The media (Chapter 6)
Political socialization = the complex process by which people acquire their political values

22. Your Political Socialization
Scenario #2
Write down and discuss with a partner:
What is your earliest memory of a president?
When did you first learn about political parties?
If you identify with a party, how did you decide to do so?
If you do not, identify with a party, why not?
Who was the first liberal or conservative you ever met?

23. The Agents of Early Socialization
Fundamental principles of early learning:
The primacy principle: what is learned first is learned best.
The structuring principle: what is learned first structures later learning.
The extent of any socializing agent depends on our exposure to it, communication with it, and receptivity to it

24. Family
Children imitate their parents
Important agent of socialization, because most people learn first from family
Learn wide range of values
If parents interested, learn to be politically interested and informed
If both parents identify with one political party, kids tend to also identify with it
Religion stronger socialization than party because of regular activities, exposure, care

25. Family
More than ½ of young American voters identify with part of parents
If they change partisanship, generally it is from being partisan to independent (or independent to partisan) than converting from one party to another

26. School
Some believe schools have equal or greater influence on political learning as parents
Elementary schools teach kids about nation’s slogans and symbols, norms of group behavior, and national pride
In high school, kids learn to distinguish between political leaders and political institutions, about being a “good citizen,” and an awareness of the political process
College courses may teach students to question dominant political values and stimulate critical thinking

27. Community and Peers
Community makeup determines how political opinions of members formed
Homogeneous communities exert strong pressures to conform
Peer groups sometimes can provide defense against community pressures
Adolescent and college peer groups sometimes clash against parental opinion

28. Continuing Socialization
Political socialization a lifelong process
Adults rely more on peer groups and the media for political information
Adults gain perspective on government as they grow older
Values change reflecting own self-interest
Social Security

29. Word of God? 2008 poll about the Bible 38% - actual word of God
44% - inspire by God but not taken literally
18% - ancient book of history, stories, moral precepts
Those who believed it is the actual word of God strongly favored government action to limit abortion and to support teaching creationism in public schools.

30. Social Groups and Political Values
Each person’s political socialization unique
However, people with similar backgrounds tend to have similar political opinions
Questions from the 2008 National Election Study (ANES) about abortion and the government guaranteeing employment good illustration
42% against abortion and 52% for government involvement in jobs

31. Figure 5.4 How Groups Differ on Two Questions of Order and Equality
These two graphs show how respondents in several social groups deviated from the national mean for each question.
Freedom vs. Order
Freedom vs. Equality

32. Education
Education increases awareness and understanding of political issues
With regard to abortion, college-educated individuals tend to choose personal freedom over social order
With regard to government programs to reduce income inequality, those with more education tend to choose personal freedom over equality

33. Income Most Americans consider themselves to be “middle class”
Wealth linked to opinions favoring a limited government role in promoting equality, somewhat less with order
Groups with more income and higher education value freedom

34. Region
Historically, regional differences in political opinion important
Fed by differences in wealth
Today, those in the South and Midwest more likely to favor restricting abortion
Those in the Northeast and West more supportive of government programs for income equalization

35. Race and Ethnicity
Historically, those of different races and ethnicities have tended to differ in their political values
Immigrants in late 1800s and early 1900s tended to favor Democratic party
African-Americans initially Republican, but later Democratic (95% voted Obama)
Minority groups favor equality
Latinos favor abortion restrictions more than other groups.

36. Religion Religious makeup of the U.S. fairly stable since 1940s
Today, population 56% Protestant, 22% Catholic, 13% profess no religion, and less than 2% Jewish (among 9% “other”)
Religious beliefs tend to affect attitudes about social order
Look at attitudes about abortion, death penalty, gay marriage, stem cell research, human cloning, and the teaching of evolution or creationism

37. Gender Men and women differ on many social and political issues
Women more likely to favor equality
Look at abortion, affirmative action, government spending on social programs, death penalty, and going to war
“Gender gap” means women tend to favor Democrats
56% women voted Obama. Only 43% voted McCain.

38. The Degree of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion
Some believe terms liberal and conservative no longer adequate
However, political analysis requires categories
Most people don’t think of themselves in ideological terms
Political ideology = set of values and beliefs a person holds about government.

39. The Quality of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion
Differences in liberals and conservatives used to be based on opinions about the role of government (Liberals More; Conservatives Less)
Today, liberals associated with change and conservatives with tradition
Liberals more likely to trade freedom for equality
Conservatives more likely to trade freedom for order
Liberals = support govt action on economic policies. Conservatives = support govt action on social policies.

40. Figure 5.5 Respondents Classified by Ideological Tendencies
2008 election survey
Same survey on abortion and government induced equality as previously mentioned.
People’s responses to the two questions showed no correlation, demonstrating that these value choices cannot be explained by a one-dimensional liberal-conservative continuum. The pie charts in the center show the proportion of each group self-describing themselves as liberal, moderate, or conservative.

41. Ideological Types in The U.S.
People’s preferences for government action depend on what the action targets
Poll respondents do not always categorize themselves the same way their responses do
Ideological tendencies reflect differences between different social groups
Communitarians prominent among blacks/Latinos/no high school degree
Liberals prominent in the West region
Women tend toward Liberal; men toward Libertarian
Many Americans liberal on some issues and conservative on others. They usually opt for the middle category.

42. 2009 Pew Research Center:
Asked citizens around the world if they had favorable view of U.S.
Many respondents had unfavorable view of U.S.
But majority expressed admiration for U.S. science and technology.
Respondents said they like U.S. movies, music, and television.

43. Forming Political Opinions
Studies show at least half of Americans knowledgeable about government and politics
Some groups much less knowledgeable (women, blacks, poor, young) than others (men, white, affluent, older)
No ideological distinctions between lib/cons.
Most people know if a policy will directly help or hurt them
Self-interest principle
Some use decision making “short cuts” (ex: political party labels)

44. Political Leadership
Public opinion on specific issues affected by public perception of political leaders
See examples on page 168
Politicians make arguments based on shared ideology and self-interest
Issue framing or “spin”: Ex: death panels vs. lack of health insurance
Politicians’ ability to influence public opinion enhanced by growth of broadcast media

45. WSU ESSAY #3 Public Opinion
From the time we are born, many things shape our political attitudes and beliefs. Discuss how our opinions are formed. What aspect of political socialization do you believe has the biggest impact on opinions? Why?

46. Political socialization: students should be able to use the word political socialization properly. They should understand that it is a process that begins when a person is a child and continues throughout life. They should differentiate political socialization from other forms of socialization.
• Agents of political socialization: they should mention the major agents of political socialization, for example school, the family, friends primarily. They can also mention other groups such as churches, social organizations or school groups.
• Political culture: they should be familiar with this term, that is increasingly becoming important in studies of public opinion. They should define it in their own words, but at least mention that it is a set of beliefs, attitudes and behaviors that people have towards politics and the political system. What political values are important for democracy (i.e. tolerance, respect for the law, belief in the established procedures, etc.)
• Influence of public opinion on politics: they should be able to discuss why is public opinion important, how can public opinion shape political decisions and policy-making.
• Importance of political knowledge: they should discuss why is it important for citizens to be well informed, or at least somewhat informed about politics. What is the impact of politics on their lives, what is the effect of not participating. They should particularly focus on why young people should be aware of their political environment.
• Ideology and beliefs: they should have a minimum understanding of the major divisions between conservatives and liberals, and the division of ideology into social conservatives, economic conservatives, social liberals and economic liberals. How can you define each of those groups? What differentiates one from the other?
• Sources of public opinion: they should be familiar with some places where current and RELIABLE public opinion data can be found. For instance Pew Research and Gallup. They should be aware that public opinion data must be scientific, that a sample of 1,000 is statistically reliable and that some polls may be biased.
Exceeds expectations Student addresses 6 or 7 of these points
Meet expectations student addresses 3 to 5 of these points
Does NOT meet expectation student addresses fewer than 3 of these points