1. { Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Chelsey Giovanni

2. In the United States 40.2% of women report sexual assault. Sexual violence relates to an increased prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The purpose of the study reviewed was to correlate the relationship between sexual violence and PTSD in the Urban African American Population. Introduction

3. Evidence for Care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder in which a pattern of behavior is exhibited by an individual who has experienced a traumatic event such as an assault. There was no nursing theory applied in this study but, Ida Orlando’s Nursing Process Discipline Theory correlates to the study. This model focuses on determining and meeting the patients needs.

4. Evidence for Care Cont. This study provides a sound basis for the care of the Urban African American population because the African American population is at a higher risk of experiencing sexual assault which could lead to a higher risk of PTSD. This study also identifies possible barriers in determining if sexual assault has occurred, knowing these barriers could help to identify different methods in assessing patients.

5. Evaluation of Evidence Methods: Included in this study were 1,306 African American respondents who participated in a Health Study conducted in Detroit. Participants completed a 40 min telephone survey and were given 25$. Participants were asked two questions: 1.“In your lifetime have you ever been raped?” 2.“Have you ever experienced another kind of sexual assault or unwanted sexual contact as a result of force, threat of harm, or manipulation?”

7. Evaluation of Evidence Cont. Results: The incidence of lifetime PTSD was 34.4% and 18.3% past-month PTSD in victims of sexual violence. Sexual violence related to 1.6 times greater odds of the occurrence of PTSD. Victims also showed to be younger, female and have less income. Credibility Peer reviewed article Authors are affiliated with Columbia University, the University of Michigan and Wayne State University Article is relevant and was published within the last 5 years Limitations Limitations of the study are that the reports of sexual assault are reported based on survey questions. Only 1,306 participants.

8. Patient Care Design Collaboration: A patient with PTSD needs are multi-faceted, collaboration with other disciplines is necessary. Counseling Individual or Group Therapy Exposure Therapy

9. Patient Care Design Cont. Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Coping r/t situational crisis as evidenced by inability to ask for help. Goals: Patient will identify available resources and support systems. Patient will describe and initiates alternative coping strategies. Patient will describe positive results from new behaviors.

10. Patient Care Design Cont. Interventions: RN will establish a working relationship with patient through continuity of care Relationships increase trust RN will provide opportunities to express concerns, fears, feelings, and expectations Verbalization of threats can help to reduce anxiety RN will encourage patient to communicate feeling with significant others. Unexpressed feeling can lead to stress, having someone can talk to serves an outlet for the patient to express feelings.

11. Advocate Role Patient Population: Can affect all ages, gender and races. Care of the patient: Therapeutic Communication Collaboration of Care

12. Advocate Role Cont. Empathy: Empathy and a therapeutic relationship is important in the diagnosis and care of a patient with PTSD. Understanding the patients feelings Instills trust Builds communication

13. Advocate Role Cont. Significance of Research: Detection- patients are more likely to report repeated traumatization's Sexual violence is more likely to occur in younger minority females of low socioeconomic status.

14. Summary & References Ladwig, G. B., & Ackley, B. J. (2012). Guide to Nursing Diagnosis (4th ed., pp. 295-298). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Inc. Walsh, K., Koenen, K. C., Aiello, A. E., Uddin, M., & Galea, S. (2013, May 18). Prevalence of sexual viloence and posttraumatic stress in an urban african-american population. J Immigrant Minority Health, 16, 1310-1370. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10903-013-9840-6 Videbeck, S. L. (2011). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (6th ed., pp. 217- 218). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.