1. Industry and Western Growth Continue

2.  Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Grange  In 1867: Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, better known as the Grange.  Like the Masons, social organization designed to provide opportunities for farmers  Became a major political force, farmers gathered at local Grange Halls  Voiced complaints about high rates charged by warehouses & railroads  Organize for state and federal controls  The Grange recognized the importance of including women  The Grange's political activism resulted in "Granger Laws"  Provided precedent for state & federal regulation of private enterprise for the "public interest."  Politicians later created controls over big business industries  from meatpacking to drug making  governmental regulations essential to protect interests of all, not just farmers.  Key role in creating the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887  first federal regulation of railroads to control unfair shipping rates.

3. Rutherford B. Hayes: Republican - Favored “home rule” in South - Guarantee of civil and political rights for all  Contradicting ideas Samuel J. Tilden: Democrat - Political reformer: overthrew Tweed ring of Tammany Hall - Carried south and some northern states - Won popular vote Disputed returns from Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida, Oregon - Constitution had no method to determine disputed returns  Decision lay with Congress  Senate Republican, House Democrat

4.  January, 1877: Congress formed special electoral commission  5 senators  5 representatives  2 republican, 2 democrat,  1 independent,  Justice David Davis was elected to the US Senate,  Resigned as Justice  Seat went to a Republican Justice  Voted along party lines, Hayes won election

5.  Hayes made deal with Democrats to end Reconstruction  Removal of federal troops from SC, Louisiana  Federal funds for internal improvements in the south  Freedmen needed to be treated fairly  Hayes made President  Put ex-Confederates in positions of power  Democrats regain power in south  Freedmen left to “wrath of infuriated masters.”  Reconstruction ends in of 1877

7.  Compromises among leaders led to commission decision  Threatened by Democratic filibuster  Southern Democrats agreed to decision for:  1 southerner in Hayes’ cabinet  Control of deferral patronage in their area  Generous internal improvements  Federal aid for Texas and Pacific Railroads  Withdrawal of federal troops  Hayes withdrew the troops and white Democrats took over the remaining southern governments  End of Reconstruction

8.  Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson  Transmitting sound through electrical current  First call made in 1876  Bell Telephone Company organized in 1877  Became American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)

11.  For states with little rainfall  Harder for farming  Made 640 acres available at $1.25 an acre  Intended for families  Land bought by speculators, lumber- companies, cattle ranches

12.  Five day battle: September 30-October 5, 1877  Montana  Chief Joseph the Younger: Nez Perce  Refused to leave homeland in Oregon  800 warriors, defeated  General Oliver O. Howard  After victory, signed petition with Chief to keep land  Denied by White House  Land rich in minerals

15. “I am tired of fighting… It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death…I want to have time to look for my children and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.”

16.  Apache named Goyathlay (One Who Yawns)  Called Geronimo by Mexicans  1850: first wife and children killed by Mexican settlers  Began raiding U.S. – Mexican Border  1875: Declared enemy by U.S.  Forced onto reservation in Arizona  1881: Death of Apache Prophet Nakaidoklini at hands of U.S. army rekindled raids  Forced to surrender in 1886  Reservation in Florida, then moved to Oklahoma

18.  Supreme Court: The Fourteenth amendment only stopped state governments from discriminating against people due to race  Did not restrict private organizations and individuals from doing so  Railroads, hotels, schools, cemeteries, businesses could legally segregate  “Jim Crow” beginning

19.  United States began journey to becoming industrial power  Wealth distribution uneven  Working class in poverty  African Americans competing with immigrants for unskilled labor  Stayed in the south  Still in crop lien system  Often called to industry as strikebreakers

20.  July, 1877: Wildcat railroad strike  Baltimore and Ohio railroad then Pittsburg strikers set fire to Union Depot  2/3 of nation’s railroads idle  100 people dead over 2 weeks  Troops needed to quell riots  Violence made public hostile toward unions

21.  Greenback Party founded in 1877  Called for expanded money supply to benefit workers and farmers  Keep paper money in circulation  Greenback party candidates earned 1 million votes and 14 seats in Congress in 1878

22.  Inventor  Menlo Park, New Jersey  Electronic stock ticker  Record-holding 1,000 patents  Incandescent light bulb: December 31, 1879  Funded by J.P. Morgan  First private citizen with electricity in home  1881: built first central generating plant on Pearl Street in Manhattan

24.  Southern industry expanded after Reconstruction  Textile manufacturing growth (increased 9-fold)  Southern states offered tax exemptions to new businesses  Textile factories appeared in the south  Abundance of water power, cheap labor, low taxes  Tobacco processing industry grew  Iron and steel grew, especially in Birmingham, Alabama  Region had coal, limestone, iron ore  Blacks found employment in tobacco, still, iron industries

25.  South a natural place for industrial development  Timber, coal, cheap labor  Prisoners used  Large tracts of land given to railroad companies  Cotton mills continued to grow  Owners built and owned workers’ housing, company story, school, church  Workers often paid in script (business currency)

26.  Railroad development in the south increased  Miles of track more than doubled between 1880- 1890  Gauge matched northern standard width

27.  Southern manufacturing doubled between 1880-1890  Per capita income increased 21%  Women made up most of factory workers  Casualties from the war meant a large population of unmarried women needing employment  Unions suppressed by mill town owners

28.  System of tenant farming and debt peonage  Reliance on few cash crops  By 1900 70% of farmers in south were tenant farmers  Poor farmers (usually black) with little or no equipment or money relied on landlords  Landlords supplies land, crude house, tools, seed, a mule  Farmers owed huge share of annual crop  Ended up with very little to sell

29.  Poll tax or property qualification required to vote  Literacy tax required voters to be able to read/interpret the Constitution  Affected poor white voters  Effective: By the 1890s: black voting decreased 62%

30.  Peaked between 1880-1885  4.5 million head of cattle sent to eastern markets  Cattle drives from ranches to rail towns  Abilene, Dodge City  Pueblo, Denver  Cheyenne, Wyoming  Cowboys: poor, poorly paid, dangerous jobs  $100 for 3-4 month’s work  Ex-Confederate soldiers  Freed blacks  Mexicans  Native Americans

32.  Barbed wire allowed easy fencing of open range  Patented in 1867  Improved and distributed widely in 1870s  Heavy investing in ranching during boom  Oversupply of cattle  Prices fell  Winter of 1866-1877  Constant blizzards, cold temperatures (-40)  Open range ranching finished  Cowboy became ranch-hand

33.  Jesse James  Robbed banks, stagecoaches, trains  Henry “Billy the Kid” McCarty  Petty criminal turned bank robber  Lincoln County War: cattlemen warring in New Mexico  Killed sheriff’s deputy  Killed in New Mexico  “Robin Hoods” who stole from the rich  Big banks, big railroads  Victimized the “common man”

34.  Cattle towns were rowdy, violent places  Drinking  Gambling  Prostitution  Gun fighting  Boomtowns: towns that grew quickly around mines and railroads  Rapid economic growth  Vigilance committees kept law and order  Place of adventure  Free of societal constraints of Victorian morality  Image fueled by myth

35.  Buffalo Bill Cody  Western-themed variety show  Mock battles between cowboys and Indians  Toured east coast and Europe  Appeared at World’s Fair in 1893

36.  Wheat Boom continued into 1880s  Northern Pacific Railroad began exchanging land for depreciating bonds  Collapsed due to overproduction  Depressed prices, irregular rain, excessive reliance on a single crop  North Dakota population tripled in 1880s  Discovery of gold in Black Hills

38.  Terence V. Powderly replaced Uriah Stephens as Knights of Labor  Powderly opposed strikes, urged temperance among workers  Advocated for blacks into Knights of Labor assemblies  Allowed southern local assemblies to be segregated  Welcomed women  10% of members were women by 1886  Supported immigration restriction  Wanted total ban on Chinese immigration

39.  Knights of Labor become national and public in 1878  Invited all producers to join the union  Capitalists, lawyers, gamblers, drunkards excluded  Motto: “An injury to one is the concern of all.”  Most members: wage workers  Fought for higher wages, better working conditions

40.  Victorian morality: code of gentility/social ideas permeated privileged classes in England and US  Success means superior talent, intelligence, morality, and self control  Women were the driving force  Taught to their children  People could improve themselves  Working hard developed self-discipline and progressed the nation  Good manners, art, literature  Behavior and income defined one’s social standing  Created visible class distinctions

41.  Settlement Houses  Hull House: social center for recent immigrants  Education given, nursery provided, pushed for sanitary regulation enforcement

42.  Laissez-faire  French: Let the people do as they choose  The government should not interfere in the economy  Only to protect private property rights  Maintain peace  government regulation increases costs  Supply and demand regulates wages and prices  Free market + competing companies = more wealth  Low taxes

43.  Railroad owner  Notoriously corrupt  Manipulated stock  Bribary  Federal land grants made railroad companies wealthy

44.  Business organizations  Owned by many  Shareholders  Owned stock  Allowed corporations to raise money  Treated as a person  Can own property  Pay taxes  Make contracts  Sue and be sued  Increased in number after 1830s

45.  Immigrated to U.S. in 1848  Worked in cotton factory, telegraph office, Pennsylvania Railroad  Became head of western division in 1859  Steel tycoon: Carnegie Steel  Keystone Bridge company  Also used vertical integration (costs low, low wages)  St. Louis Bridge across the Mississippi River  Forced competitors into bankruptcy  Steel Headquarters: Pittsburg  Pittsburg Steelers

47.  Controlled 90% of nation’s oil refining capacities  Set up pipeline technology upon availability  Undercut competition  Formed Standard Oil Trust: umbrella organization of 40 companies that controlled US oil industry  Verbal agreements  Consolidated crude-oil buying  Merged oil companies into one system  Other industries began to create own trusts  International competition kept prices low

48.  Controlling all aspects of manufacturing  Owning the different businesses on which operation depended  Kept costs low  paying workers lowest possible wages

49.  Combining firms in the same business into one large corporation  Buying out less-successful businesses  Allowed businesses to grow  Railroad industry  Monopoly: a single company controls a market  Standard Oil

50.  Trusts  Legal arrangement  Allows one person to manage another’s property  Manager: trustee  Standard Oil: stockholders gave stocks to trustees  Received profit from trust  Trustees controlled the company  Holding Companies  Do not produce  Own stock of companies  Investment banking  J.P. Morgan  Companies sold blocks of stock to investment banks at discount  Banks found shareholders, sold for a profit

52.  Samuel Langhorne Clemens  Humorist  Attacked aristocratic literary conventions  Explored new forms of fiction to make literature appealing to the general public  Born in Missouri, so an outsider to the east coast literacy establishment  Traveled widely  Wrote about social changes  Broke with genteel traditional emphasis on manners and decorum

54.  (1873)  Wrote in collaboration  Gave its name to the mood of materialistic excess and cynical political corruption that started with the Grant administration in 1869 and prevailed into the 1870s.  To be “gilded” is to be coated in gold‚  “The Gilded Age” refers directly to the opulent tastes and jaded sensibilities of America’s wealthy during this period.

55.  (1876)  “Most of the adventures recorded in this book really occurred; one or two were experiences of my own‚ the rest those of boys who were schoolmates of mine. Huck Finn is drawn from life; Tom Sawyer also‚ but not from an individual – he is a combination of the characteristics of three boys whom I knew‚ and therefore belongs to the composite order of architecture... Part of my plan has been to try to pleasantly remind adults of what they once were themselves‚ and of how they felt and thought and talked‚ and what queer enterprises they sometimes engaged in.”

56.  Life on the Mississippi (1883)  Gave birth to much of his most successful fiction  Textbook on the history‚ life and lore of the Great River during the 19th century‚  How to pilot the Mississippi during heyday of the great steamboats  Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)  A teenage misfit who finds himself floating on a raft down the Mississippi River with an escaping slave‚ Jim.  Adventure‚ danger‚ and a cast of characters who are sometimes menacing and often hilarious. Set prior to the Civil War.  Illustrates the failure of reconstruction in the post-Civil War South

57.  “The lack of money is the root of all evil”  “A man cannot be comfortable without his own approval.”  “I was born modest‚ but it didn’t last.”  “If you tell truth you don’t have to remember anything.”  “A full belly is little worth where the mind is starved.”

58.  Temperance and women’s rights activist  Drinking caused men to squander money and threatened the family life  Became president of Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

59.  Viewed as instruments for indoctrinating and controlling the lower ranks of society  Middle-class educators and civic leaders wanted public schools expanded and centralized  Opposed by ethnic and religious groups  Catholics disliked Protestant orientation of schools  Set up parochial schools  Upper-class parents dislikes immigrants in schools  Sent children to boarding schools, private seminaries

60.  90% of eligible whites voted late in century  Washington focused on economic growth  Most believed the government did not have the right to regulate corporations or protect social welfare of workers  Unions did that, not the government  Laissez-fair: unregulated competition represented best path to progress  Federal government should promote economic development, not regulate industry  People looked to local and state government authorities

61.  Voter fraud common all over the country  Rigged elections, throwing out of votes, paying voters to vote many times (vote early, vote often)

62.  Democrats popular in the south and in cities with large immigrant populations (especially Catholics and Germans)  Opposed tariff increases  Attacked government interference in economy  Opposed prohibition, rejected English-only schooling, supported parochial schools (Catholics)  Republicans popular in rural New England, Pennsylvania, upper Midwest (Protestants)  Supported by Grand Army of the Republic: social and political organization of northern Civil War veterans  Waved “bloody shirt” reminding voters the Republicans led the nation though the Civil War

63.  Unofficial party organizations  Controlled patronage  Manipulated immigrant voters  Designed to keep a party or faction in office  Influential in city politics

64.  Democratic organization  Dominated NYC politics since 1830 (to 1930)  Rewarded friends, punished enemies through control of taxes, licenses, inspections  Local ward bosses protected and helped needy and poor  Boss Tweed  Entangled urban social services and corrupt politics

65.  Corrupt politician in New York City  Made fortune though bribes  Tweed Ring  Took in $40-200 million in public funds

68.  US vs. Great Britain for fishing rights in the North Atlantic and Northern Pacific  Reawakened anti-British sentiment to acquire Canada

69.  Salvation Army (founded 1865 in England) provided food, shelter to poor families  Sought to teach temperance, hard work, self- discipline  WCTU pushes for suffrage to outlaw drinking  Did welfare work, prison reform, labor administration, public health  Helped create Prohibition and Home Protection Party

70.  James Garfield and Chester A. Arthur v. Winfield Scott Hancock  Arthur was a NYC customs official until he was fired by President Hayes in 1877  Supported civil service reform  Garfield won

71.  A Century of Dishonor (1881)  Published by Helen Hunt Jackson  Attempt to rally public opinion against government’s broken treaties  Women’s National Indian Rights Association (1883)  Advocated creation of Indian boarding schools  Assimilation was key to equality  Resulted in stronger ties among Native Americans

72.  Acquired property  Established small businesses  Entered professions  Many believed education was vital to African Americans’ future  Expanded network of black colleges and institutes

73.  Founded and was president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881  Born a slave, educated at Virginia’s Hampton Institute  Urged others to follow his path to self- improvement  African Americans needed to attend school, learn skills, and get footing in agriculture and trades  Focused on industrial education  Adopt standards of white middle class to earn respect of whites

74.  Large copper deposits  Drew miners for 10 years  Boomtowns famous for lawlessness  Silver found in Tombstone in 1877  Marshall Wyatt Earp  Gunfight at the O.K. Corral

75.  Surrendered in 1881 after 5 years of war with Army after Little Big Horn  Buffalo had been slaughtered and the Native Americans ran out of supplies

76.  July 2, 1881: President James Garfield assassinated in Washington, DC  by Charles Guiteau  Chester A. Arthur becomes President

78.  Edison Illuminating Company opened a power plant in NYC financial district  Power was generated for all of New York City

79.  Democrats won majority in the House  Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act  10 year moratorium on Chinese immigration  Not repealed until 1943

80.  New York’s Charity Organization Society (COS) sought to foster self-sufficiency  Believed moral deficiencies resulted in poverty

81.  Basic railroad equipment and facilities became standardized  Central Pacific and Union Pacific bought up many smaller railroad companies allowing standardization  Railroad companies divided the country into 4 time zones to correct scheduling issues  Independent of the federal government

82.  Pendleton Civil Service Act attempted to end the spoils system  Forbade political candidates from soliciting contributions from government workers  Brought federal government in step with modernizing trends transforming society

83.  First Democrat president since 1856  Defeated James G. Blaine  Gave political favors to railroad companies in exchange for stock as Speaker of the House  Embodied the hated spoils system  Cleveland was governor of New York  Fought spoils system and bosses  Embraced laissez-faire, rejected federal social welfare reform (government does not solve peoples’ problems)  Called for lower tariffs to avoid huge budget surplus  viewed as corrupting and let to paternalistic government  Corporations concerned about lack of protection from foreign imports

85.  Knights of Labor boast one million members by 1886  Supported arbitration  Third party helps workers and employers reach agreement  Numbers declined after 1886  Union leaders did not plan, have ability to adapt and make decisions, or understand societal or political issues

86.  AFL: formed in May 1886 when craft unions left the Knights of Labor  Led by Samuel Gompers  Unions should focus on raising wages and reducing hours  Organized as federation of trade unions linked by an executive council  Coordinated boycotting strategy, strike actions  Demanded 8 hour work day, employee liability for workers’ injuries, mine safety laws  Did not recruit women because they undercut men’s wages  Over 1 million workers by the 20 century

87.  Over 700,000 workers in 6,000 local unions  Number of strikes failed, workers became disillusioned  Unions crippled by end of decade  Less than 5% of workers joined unions  Too divided  Racially, ethnically, religious lines  Gender  Skilled vs. unskilled  Tactics

88.  Industrial unionists  United workers in an industry  Workers who tried to organize a union were often fired or blacklisted  Labeled “troublemaker” and would not be hired by another company  Lockouts  Used to break strikes  Kept workers off property, denied wages  Hired replacements “strikebreakers”

89.  Marxism  European idea  Karl Marx  Shaping force of capitalistic society is class struggle between workers and owners  Workers would eventually revolt, control factories, government  All private property seized  Socialist society would result where all wealth evenly divided

90.  Intended to assimilate Indians into white culture  Severalty: treating Indians as individuals, not tribal members  Distributed 160 reservation acres to each head of Indian families that accepted the law’s provisions  Rest of land sold to speculators and settlers  Indians became US citizens  If they stayed on their allotted land for 25 years