1. Homework #3 is due 4/11. Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.

2. CB 48.3 Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.

3. CB 48.5 Neurons: cells specialized for transmitting signals

4. Axon Parts of a neuron Signals

5. CB 48.7 In the brain neurons are shorter and highly interconnected

6. electrical at synapse chemical At the synapse the electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal

7. CB 48.16 Neurons are commonly connected to many other neurons, and the effect of the different incoming signals determines what the neuron will do.

8. Incoming signals move through neurons. Only signals above the threshold are transmitted along the neuron.

9. CB 48.19 The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals

10. Nervous System Signaling Stimulus Transduction Transmission Response Integration

11. Smells are detected by receptor neurons in our nose. Each receptor is sensitive to a different chemical CB 49.15

12. Light is detected in the eye by receptors on the retina CB 49.18

13. Some vision problems arise from misshapen eyeballs too long too short CB 49.19

14. CB 49.23

15. Light receptor neurons of the eye: Rods detect black and white Cones detect colors…one type of cone for each color - red, blue, and green CB 49.22

16. Inhibitory neuro- transmitter No light Membrane depolarized No Signal CB 49.23

17. Polar Membrane light No inhibitory neuro- transmitter Signal sent CB 49.23

18. The optic nerves for each eye enter opposite sides of the brain CB 49.24

19. CB 48.19 The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals

20. CB 48.27 Different regions of the cerebral cortex integrate different inputs/outputs

21. CB 48.29 Visualizing the specialization of brain regions

22. CB 48.28 Some body parts have more sensory input/ motor control

23. CB 48.27 What effects how the brain is formed?

24. CB 48.27 Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714– 717

25. Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717 Exam score data for 1995-2001

26. Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717 Autumn born females have lowest average scores

27. Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717 Autumn and Spring born males have lowest average scores

28. Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717 Variance of scores in males is much higher

29. Fig 1 Average female exam scores

30. One year of female exam scores: highest scores for students born in May

31. Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717 Pattern of birth season effects different in males and females

32. CB 48.27 What effects how the brain is formed?

33. Homework #3 is due 4/11. Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.