1. Medieval Europe “The Middle Ages”

2. Why was this period referred to as “The Middle Ages”?

3. It was the period between two very important times…the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. In the middle – The Middle Ages Many people thought that nothing important happened during this period. They were wrong!

4. The Early Middle Ages The Geography of Europe Europe After the Fall of Rome Feudalism and Manor Life Feudal Societies We will begin today with the Geography of Europe.

5. GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE CHAPTER 9 LESSON 1 Students will identify the physical features and compare and contrast the regions of Europe on a graphic organizer.

6. TODAY’S FOCUS QUESTION: How did the topography of Europe shape life in each region?

7. Let’s begin with the word GEOGRAPHY. What does it mean?

8. The Geography of Europe Geo means EARTH “Ography” or “graphy” refers to the study of something.

9. RAISE YOUR HAND IF YOU KNOW WHAT THE TERM TOPOGRAPHY MEANS? Hint: I see top. Hint: I see top. Another hint: Where have you heard the part of the word “ography” before? Another hint: Where have you heard the part of the word “ography” before?

10. Topography refers to the shape and elevation of land in a region.

11. CLIMATE VS. WEATHER

12. CLIMATE The prevailing or AVERAGE weather conditions of a place. The prevailing or AVERAGE weather conditions of a place. It is determined by the temperature and precipitation changes over a period of years. It is determined by the temperature and precipitation changes over a period of years. It is often described by words like “mild” or “harsh”. It is often described by words like “mild” or “harsh”.

13. How would you describe Fresno’s climate? Remember to think of our AVERAGE. Remember to think of our AVERAGE. Would we be mild or harsh? Would we be mild or harsh? There is actually a name for our type of climate. It is called a MEDITERRANEN CLIMATE. There is actually a name for our type of climate. It is called a MEDITERRANEN CLIMATE. WHERE HAVE WE HEARD THAT NAME BEFORE? WHERE HAVE WE HEARD THAT NAME BEFORE?

14. Mediterranean Climate

15. Climate determines what can be grown in a region. In Fresno, we can grow grapes and oranges because we have a long, warm growing season. We don’t have many days with freezing temperatures. In Fresno, we can grow grapes and oranges because we have a long, warm growing season. We don’t have many days with freezing temperatures. We also grow olives, which grow well in warm, dry climates. We also grow olives, which grow well in warm, dry climates.

16. Where else in the U.S. are oranges grown? Do you know why?

17. What does weather mean? What is the weather in Fresno today? What is the weather in Fresno today? Is the weather the same every day? Is the weather the same every day?

18. How did the geography of Europe shape different ways of life? How did the geography of Europe shape different ways of life?

19. It influenced what crops people have grown and where cities developed. It influenced what crops people have grown and where cities developed. Mediterranean farmers grew hardy crops such as olives in the dry, warm areas of southern Europe. Cities grew along rivers such as the Rhine, so people and goods could be moved easily. Many people settled along the coasts, using the sea for the resources they needed.

20. Southern Europe Many mountains served as protection from invasion. How would mountains provide protection?

21. Southern Europe Because it had so many peninsulas, people didn’t live far from the sea. As a result, many became traders and seafarers.

22. Northern Europe Many people settled in towns along the rivers. In the open fields around the cities, a variety of crops were grown on the fertile soils. The flat land made farming and transportation easier, but it also had a major drawback. What happened because there were no mountains?

23. INVASIONS! There were no mountains in northern Europe for protection against invaders. The most frightening invaders of all were the Vikings from Scandinavia. The Vikings could sail their ships up rivers, so the raids weren’t limited to the coastal areas. The attacks were swift and savage, and Europeans lived in terror of Viking raids. Where have we seen a Viking before?

24. SCANDINAVIA The highest mountains in Europe called Alps. Europe’s largest peninsula.

25. FOCUS QUESTION: How did the topography of Europe shape life in each region?

26. EUROPE AFTER THE FALL OF ROME CHAPTER 9 LESSON 2 The students will analyze why feudalism developed in the Northern European region in a one paragraph summary.

27. TODAY’S FOCUS QUESTION: Why did feudalism develop more in Northern Europe than in Southern Europe?

28. Europe After The Fall of Rome Europe was a dangerous place after Rome fell.. CHAOS!

29. Without the Roman government, Europe had no central authority to keep order.

30. As a result, outlaws and bandits became common.

31. Violence was common. People looked for ways to bring order to their lives.

32. As the Roman Empire fell, various groups moved into former lands and formed their own states.

33. The rulers of these states, usually warlords, called themselves kings.

34. These kings often fought among themselves.

35. The creation of these kingdoms marked the beginning of the Middle Ages.

36. Christianity Spreads to Northern Europe

37. Missionaries The Pope sent missionaries into northern Europe to spread Christianity. The Pope sent missionaries into northern Europe to spread Christianity. Missionaries are people who try to convert others to a particular religion. Missionaries are people who try to convert others to a particular religion.

38. Monks Monks spread Christianity, but unlike missionaries, they did not travel. Monks spread Christianity, but unlike missionaries, they did not travel. They spent their time in prayer, work, and meditation. They spent their time in prayer, work, and meditation.

39. Monasteries Monks lived apart from society in monasteries. Monks lived apart from society in monasteries. The monks had to follow rules that told them how to dress and what to eat. The monks had to follow rules that told them how to dress and what to eat.

40. Monks In addition to giving aid to people in their communities, monks In addition to giving aid to people in their communities, monks Ran schools and copied books for those who couldn’t read or write. Ran schools and copied books for those who couldn’t read or write. Collected and saved ancient writing from Greece and Rome Collected and saved ancient writing from Greece and Rome Served as scribes and advisors to local rulers. Served as scribes and advisors to local rulers.

41. The Benedictine Rule Look at page 236 in your text. Look at page 236 in your text.

42. Saint Patrick Saint Patrick was a monk who helped convert the Irish to Christianity. Saint Patrick was a monk who helped convert the Irish to Christianity. According to legend, he won favor with the Irish by driving all of the snakes in Ireland into the sea. According to legend, he won favor with the Irish by driving all of the snakes in Ireland into the sea.

43. Charlemagne A Christian king who conquered much of the old Roman Empire and spread Christianity. A Christian king who conquered much of the old Roman Empire and spread Christianity. Built schools. Built schools. Look at page 237 in your text. Look at page 237 in your text.

44. Invaders Threaten Europe Even while Charlemagne was building his empire, new threat appeared in Europe…

45. Muslim armies poured in from Africa and the Middle East.

46. Fierce warriors called the Magyars invaded from Asia attacking fields and destroying towns.

47. From Scandinavia came the most frightening invaders of all, the Vikings. Vikings looted towns and monasteries. Vikings looted towns and monasteries. They took prisoners to sell into slavery. They took prisoners to sell into slavery.

48. Why did Feudalism begin? What word within a word do you hear in feudalism?

49. For protection against invasions. Frankish kings were unable to defend their empire. Nobles had to defend their own lands because they couldn’t depend on protection from the kings. To defend their lands, nobles hired knights, warriors who fought on horseback.

50. What was a knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land called?

51. A vassal. This was the heart of feudalism. Land for service.

52. How did the medieval arts of Europe and Japan differ?

53. They differed in theme. European art had a religious theme. Japanese art emphasized nature.

54. Popes and kings – a power struggle. What did Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV argue about?

55. They fought over the power to appoint bishops. Pope Gregory VII believed popes – not kings – got their power from God. Emperor Henry IV argued that kings should choose bishops because God had chosen the king.

56. What was the goal of the Christian Crusades?

57. To retake the Holy Land from Muslim Turks. Pope Urban called on Christians from all over Europe to retake the Holy Land. Many fought because they thought they would earn a place in heaven.

58. How did the Crusades change Europe? Trade between Europe and Asia increased. Kings became more powerful. Tension between Christians, Jews, and Muslims grew.