1. Alternative View of Risk and Return

2. Multi Factor Pricing Models Like CAPM, an asset’s return is related to common risks But we now allow for their to be more than a single source of risk  Oil 2

3. Example: Fama French Model Returns are a function of three risk factors  Size factor Return on the averages small firm minus the average large firm  Value factor Return on the average value firm minus the average growth firm  Market Factor Same as CAPM 3

4. 4 Multi-Factor Betas Since we are allowing for multiple risk factors, how will  change?  i refers to the individual stock  j refers to the source of risk β i,j =  i,j /  j 2

5. Example What is a stock’s expected return if its betas are:  SML: 0.5  HML: 3.0  Mkt: 2.0  SML is 8%, HML is 5%, the market risk premium is 4%, and the risk free rate is 3% 5

6. Why We Care Another investment rule which is commonly used Provides another viewpoint regarding how returns are generated 6

7. Market Efficiency

8. News and Returns All news, and announcements contain anticipated and unexpected components The market prices assets based on what is expected to happen (Anticipated news)  Changes in expectations will cause the price to move Unexpected news is a surprise and will cause prices to move  Surprises cause unexpected returns 8

9. 9 Breaking Returns Down A security’s return is comprised of: 1. The expected return, based on expectations 2. The un-expected return, based on surprises Therefore, a stock’s return is:

10. Where does U come from? Systematic Surprises: Unique Surprises: 10

11. 11 Breaking Returns Down (2) We defined returns as: We can break U down further: is the return earned because of unexpected movements in systematic risk is the return from unique surprises

12. 12 Example Lets use the Fama French factors:  SML, HML, and Mkt Our model is:

13. Surprises Expected SML to be 3%, but it was 8%; surprise is? Expected HML to be 4%, but it was 1%; surprise is? Expected Mkt to be 10%, but it was stable; surprise is? Finally, the firm attracted a “superstar” CEO, and this unanticipated development contributes 1% to the return. 13

14. 14 Example Betas The stock’s betas are:   SML = -2.30   HML = 1.50   Mkt = 0.50 The stock’s expected return is 8%

15. 15 Example’s Actual Return

16. Underlying Assumption The assumption we made, and that drove the last example, is that the stock is priced in an efficient market 16

17. What is an efficient market? A market is efficient when it uses all available information to price assets.  Information is quickly incorporated into prices Efficiency is the degree to which prices reflect available information. Stock prices only respond to surprises, which arrives randomly, so prices follow a random walk Price tomorrow = today’s price + random (+/-) 17

18. 18 Price: Today and Tomorrow Do you see a pattern that you want to put money on?

19. 19 Reactions to Beating Expectations Efficient Response Over Reaction Under Reaction

20. 20 Reaction to Not Meeting Expectations Over Reaction Efficient Reaction Under Reaction

21. 21 Potential Causes of Efficient Markets Investor Rationality  Everyone is rational → Everyone makes the right decision Independent Deviation from Rationality  No one is rational → Everyone makes the wrong decision but each makes a different wrong decision Average out the wrongness Arbitrage  Only some people are rational → Smart money takes from less smart money

22. 22 Types of Efficient Markets Weak Semi-Strong Strong

23. 23 Weak Form Efficiency Prices reflect all information contained in past prices and volumes  No investor is able to form a trading strategy based on historic prices and volumes and earn an excess return

24. 24 Disbelievers Chartists, or Technical Analysts  Analyze “charts” of a stock‘s Price and/or Volume Chartist believe in identifiable and predictable patterns in these characteristics  Make investment decisions based on these patterns Brokerage firms tend to love chartists

25. 25 Head and Shoulders

26. Why Technical Analysis Fails -If there is a profitable pattern, everyone would do it -If everyone follows the same strategy competition will eliminate any opportunity associated with the pattern Stock Price Time Sell Buy

27. 27 Semi-Strong Form Efficiency Security prices reflect all publicly available information.  Encompasses weak form efficiency Publicly available information includes:  Historical price and volume information  Published accounting statements  Information found in the WSJ

28. 28 Disbelievers Fundamental Analysts  Use revenues, earnings, future growth forecasts, return on equity, profit margins, and other data to determine a company's underlying value and potential for future growth (Financial Statements) These guys make more sense than technical analysts. Why?

29. 29 Strong Form Efficiency Strong form efficiency says that anything pertinent to the stock price and known to at least one investor is already incorporated in the security’s price.  Public & Private  Implies: Insider trading will not earn excess return Strong form efficiency incorporates weak and semi-strong form efficiency.

30. Disbelievers Pretty much everyone Insiders trading is generally profitable  Galleon Raj Rajaratnam  Martha Stewart 30

31. 31 What EMH Does and Does NOT Say Investors can throw darts to select stocks.  Kind of: We still need to consider risk Prices are random or uncaused.  Prices reflect information.  Price CHANGES are driven by new information, which by definition is random

32. 32 Implications of Efficient Markets Purchase or sale of any security can never be a positive NPV transaction. Trust market prices Stocks with similar risk are substitutes Mutual fund managers cannot systematically outperform the market

33. 33 The Evidence The record on the EMH is extensive, and generally supportive of the market being semi-strong form efficient

34. 34 Event Studies  Event Studies examine returns around information release dates  EX: Earnings, Dividend announcements  A test of semi-strong form efficiency  Look at how quickly prices adjust to the information  Looking for under-reaction, over-reaction, early reaction, or delayed reaction around the event.

35. 35 Event Study Results The studies generally support the view that the market is semi-strong form efficient. Studies suggest that markets may even have some foresight into the future, i.e., news tends to leak out in advance of public announcements.

36. 36 Event Studies: Dividend Omissions Efficient market response to “bad news”

37. 37 The Record of Mutual Funds If the market is semi-strong form efficient, then mutual fund managers, should not be able to consistently beat the average market return When we compare the record of mutual fund performance to a market index, we see that mutual funds are not able to CONSISTENTLY beat the market.  Consistent with the market being semi-strong form efficient

38. 38 Mutual Fund Performance Taken from Lubos Pastor and Robert F. Stambaugh, “Mutual Fund Performance and Seemingly Unrelated Assets,” Journal of Financial Exonomics, 63 (2002).

39. 39 Insider trading Strong form market efficiency implies that even insiders trading on private information cannot earn excess return A number of studies find that insiders are able to earn abnormal profits  Violation of Strong form efficiency

40. 40 Verdict on Market Efficiency Market is pretty efficient Opportunities for easy profits are rare. Financial managers should assume, at least as a starting point, that security prices are fair and that it is difficult to outguess the market. New information is rapidly incorporated into the prices.

41. 41 EMH Exercises Indicate whether or not the EMH is contradicted, if so which form of EMH is contradicted  An investor consistently earn an abnormal return over that expected by the market by examining charts of historical prices  The acquisition of the latest annual report of a company enables an investor to earn an abnormal return.  A stock which has been fluctuating between $25 and $27 in the last three months suddenly rises to $40 per share right after management announces a new project that has a promising impact on the firm's expected future cash inflows.  By subscribing to the Value Line Investment Survey, an investor can earn at least 5% over that earned by the market on comparable risk investments.

42. Why We Care Offering several points of view on how the market works, and the evidence for and against  Using this you can form your own opinion about how the market works and invest accordingly 42