1. IDA Symposium Behavior, Brain Function, and Genes The Neurobiological Basis of Dyslexia and Dysgraphia :: Implications for Instructional Treatment Virginia W. Berninger and Todd L. Richards University of Washington, Seattle, WA vwb@u.washington.edu

2. Today’s Presentation 1. Known Effective Treatment for Dyslexia: Multisensory and Structured Language 2. New Knowledge from Brain Imaging of Dyslexia and Dysgraphia: Working Memory and Motor/End Organs (Phonological + Orthographic Loops) 3. Treatment-Related Differential Diagnosis of Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, and OWL LD within Working Memory Architecture

3. Grant Acknowledgements 1. Multidisciplinary Learning Disabilities Research Center Grant, Biological and Educational Links to Learning Disabilities P50 33812 1995-2006 from NICHD. 2. Interventions for Component Writing Skills, HD 25858-06-12 from NICHD, 1995-2008. 3. Assessment of Component Writing Processes, HD 25858-01-03 from NICHD, 1989-1992 4. Shannon Award, HD 15858-04-05 from NICHD, 1992-1994. 5. Identifying and Nurturing Early Mathematical Talent, 1993-1996, from the US Department of Education (Javits Gifted Grant). 6. Early intervention to prevent reading disabilities in urban, minority children. 1989-1990, Institute for Ethnic Studies in US. 7. Microcomputer-assisted diagnosis of writing disabilities. 1987- 1988, University of Washington Graduate School Research Fund.

4. People Acknowledgements Graduate students in school psychology and related fields at the University of Washington. Collaborators at the University of Washington, including Drs. Todd Richard, neuroimager, Robert Abbott, statistician, and Wendy Raskind, geneticist, and at other institutions. Participating children and their teachers, parents, and families. sea creatures examples.ppt