1. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY PALESTINE UNIVERSITY STONES AND ROCKS

2. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

3. All The engineering Structures are made from some materials These materials are know as engineering materials; building materials or materials of Construction. No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its own field of application  Stone

4. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh SSSStone An engineer has to be conversant with the properties of most of them. stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, and metals are some commonly used materials by a civil engineer. In order to carry out safe constructions, some standards for the materials to be used are fixed

5. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  stone : Rockis the term used to name a solid portion of the earth's crust القشرة الأرضية. Rock is the term used to name a solid portion of the earth's crust القشرة الأرضية. It has no definite shape and chemical composition. It is generally very big in site. The rocks have one or more than one materials. Rock and stone

6. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  stone : Rock and stone

7. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  stone : Stone : The stone is always obtained from rock, The rock quarried محفورة from quarries is called stone. Quarried stone may be in form of stone blocks, Stone aggregate, stone slabs, stone lintels, Stone flags,etc. Rock and stone

8. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  stone : Rock and stone

9. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh Classification of rocks 1. Geological classification 2. Physical classification 3. Chemical classification 4. Classification based on stone hardness:  Stone

10. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh. Classification based on stone hardness: soft, medium, hard and very hard According to this classification stone may be classified As soft, medium, hard and very hard. -Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and Taconite. -Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel الحصى and Quartzite. - Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime Stone. الدولوميت وحجر جيري - Soft rocks as Talc البودرة, Gypsum and Sand stone.  Stone

11. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh Uses of stone following are the various uses, of stones 1.For masonry work أعمال البناء 2.for lintels and vertical columns الاعمدة والعناصر ا نشائية 3.for covering floors of building البلاط وا رضيات 4.for paving of roads and foot paths رصف الطرق، كما وتستخدم لممرات المشاة. 5.As a covering material for buildings. مادة تشطيب

12. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh Uses of stone 6.for the construction of roads in form of boulders and aggregate تستخدم في عملية انشاء الطرق بشكل الركام والحصمة والطوب. 6.as an aggregate in cement as well as lime concretes ركام في الخرسانة الاسمنتية والجيرية. 6.In the construction of masonry dams, stones of good quality and durability are of vital importance. الحجارة المتينة وذات الجودة العالية تستخدم في بناء السدود.

13. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  Stone

14. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  Stone Natural bed of stone The plane along which stones can be easily split is known as n nn natural bed of stone In stone masonry work, the stone should be used in such away that the direction of applied load is perpendicular to the natural bed of the stone. Walls

15. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh B Cornice Arch

16. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh - In the case of the walls the position of the stone blocks should be same in which they were originally deposited. This position gives maximum strength to the stone work in the walls. -In the case of arches, the bedding plane should be radial and at right angles to the face of the arch. -In the case of cornices the bed should be vertical.  Stone

17. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh Seasoning of stones : -In makes the stone hard and compact, by exposing the stone to open air for a period of six to twelve mouths. All the stones should be seasoned before they are used in structural work.  Stone

18. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  Stone Characteristics and qualities of good building stone : 1.The stone should be easily and economically obtainable in bulk. متوفر واقتصادي 2.The stone should be hard, strong and durable. قوي ومتين، وذو عمر مستمر. 1.It should weather well. يتكيف مع الاحوال الجوية. 2.It should have fine compact texture. ذات ملمس جيد يتناسب مع غرض الاستخدام.

19. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  Stone Characteristics and qualities of good building stone : 5.It should be capable to withstand the effects of smoke and acidic atmosphere. ينبغي أن تكون قادرة على تحمل آثار الدخان والجو الحمضية 5.The stone should be free from soft patches بقع, flaws عيوب, cavities and cracks تسوس وشقوق. 6.It should be well seasoned and easily workable. سهل التشكيل.

20. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  Stone Tests for stones: Building stones are required to be tested for their different properties before they may be recommended for any specific case. 1-Acid test: 2- Water absorption test. 3- Impact test. 4- Crushing test. 5- Hardness test.

21. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  Stone Acid test: This test is carried out on sand stone. In this test, a sample of stone about 100gm is taken and put in a solution having 1% strength of hydrochloric acid for seven days. After this the specimen is taken out and its surface examined.

22. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh  Stone Natural (Rock) stone

23. Dr. Ali I. Tayeh End Stone