1. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider1 Chapter 10 – Database Management 10.1 An Introduction to Databases 10.2 Relational Databases and SQL

2. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider2 10.1 An Introduction to Databases The Server Explorer Accessing a Database with a Data Table

3. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider3 Database Terminology A table is a rectangular array of data. Each column of the table, called a field, contains the same type of information. Each row, called a record, contains all the information about one entry in the database. In a phone books, there are fields for name, address, and phone number. Your entry in the phone book is a record.

4. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider4 Database Management Software (DBMS) Used to create databases Databases can contain one or more related tables Examples of DBMS include Access and Oracle

5. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider5 The Server Explorer Allows the programmer to view information located on other computers Can also be used to view a database

6. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider6 Using the Server Explorer 1.Place your mouse over the “Server Explorer” tab on the left side of Visual Studio. 2.Right-click on “Data Connections”, and select “Add Connection”. 3.In the Data Link Properties window that appears, click on the “Provider” tab at the top. Select the item “Microsoft Jet 4.0 OLE DB Provider” from the OLE DB Providers List box, and then press the next button. 4.Click on the “...” button to the right of the first text box. This will open up a file,browser that allows you to locate any file then press Open. 5.Clear the contents of the “User name” text box.

7. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider7 Server Explorer continued 6.Press the Test Connection button. The message box stating “Test Connection Succeeded” will appear. Press the OK button on that message box, and then press the OK button on the Data Link Properties box. 7.An icon should appear in Server Explorer. Click on the + sign to the left of the icon to expand this entry. Three subentries will appear: Tables, Views, and Stored Procedures. 8.Expand the Tables entry to reveal the subentries. 9.Expand an entry to reveal the fields of the table. 10.Double-click on a table to show the table in a grid.

8. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider8 Figure 10.1 – Server Explorer

9. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider9 Figure 10.2 – The Cities Table

10. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider10 Accessing a Database with a Data Table A DataTable object holds the contents of a table as a rectangular array. A data table is similar to a two- dimensional array; it has rows and columns. The following declares a DataTable variable Dim dt As New DataTable()

11. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider11 Connecting with a DataTable Dim dt As New DataTable() Dim connStr As String = _ "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" & _ "Data Source = MEGACITIES.MDB " Dim sqlStr As String = "SELECT * FROM Cities" Dim dataAdapter As New _ OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter(sqlStr, connStr) dataAdapter.Fill(dt) dataAdapter.Dispose()

12. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider12 Properties of the DataTable After the six lines of code are executed, the number of records in the table is given by dt.Rows.Count The number of columns in the table is given by dt.Columns.Count The records are numbered 0 through dt.Rows.Count – 1 The fields are numbered 0 through dt.Columns.Count – 1

13. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider13 More Properties The name of the jth field is given by dt.Columns(j) The entry in the jth field of the ith record is dt.Rows(i)(j) The string containing the entry in the specified field of the ith record is dt.Rows(i)(fieldName)

14. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider14 Bound Controls A data table that is bound to a list box can transfer information automatically into the list box. The following statement binds a list box to a data table: lstBox.DataSource = dt The contents of a specified filed can be displayed in the list box by: lstBox.DisplayMember = "country"

15. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider15 10.2 Relational Databases and SQL Primary and Foreign Keys SQL Four SQL Requests The DataGrid Control

16. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider16 Primary Keys A primary key is used to uniquely identify each record. Databases of student enrollments in a college usually use a field of Social Security numbers as the primary key. Why wouldn't names would not be a good choice as a primary key?

17. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider17 Primary Key Fields When a database is then created, a field can be specified as a primary key. VB.NET will insist that every record have an entry in the primary-key field and that the same entry does not appear in two different records. If the user tries to enter a record with no data in the primary key, the error message “Index or primary key can’t contain a null record.” will be generated. If the user tries to enter a record with the same primary key data as another record, the error message “The changes you requested to the table were not successful…"

18. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider18 Two or More Tables When a database contains two or more tables, the tables are usually related. For instance, the two tables Cities and Countries are related by their country field. Notice that every entry in Cities.country appears uniquely in Countries.country and Countries.country is a primary key. We say that Cities.country is a foreign key of Countries.country.

19. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider19 Foreign Keys Foreign keys can be specified when a table is first created VB.NET will insist on the Rule of Referential Integrity. This Rule says that each value in the foreign key must also appear in the primary key of the other table.

20. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider20 Join A foreign key allows VB.NET to link (or join) together two tables from a relational database When the two tables Cities and Countries from MEGACITIES.MDB are joined based on the foreign key Cities.country, the result is Table 10.4. The record for each city is expanded to show its country’s population and its currency.

21. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider21 SQL Structured Query Language developed for use with relational databases Very powerful language Allows for the request of specified information from a database Allows displaying information from database in a specific format

22. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider22 Four SQL Requests Show the records of a table in a specified order SELECT * FROM Table1 ORDER BY field1 ASC or SELECT * FROM Table1 ORDER BY field1 DESC Specifies ASCending Or DESCending

23. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider23 Show just the records that meet certain criteria SELECT * FROM Table1 WHERE criteria * means "all the fields" Name of the Table where the Records may be found Specified Criteria

24. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider24 Join the tables together connected by a foreign key, and present the records as in Requests I and II. SELECT * FROM Table1 INNER JOIN Table2 ON foreign field = primary field WHERE criteria

25. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider25 Make available just some of the fields of either the basic tables or the joined table. SELECT field1, field2,..., fieldN FROM Table1 WHERE criteria

26. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider26 Criteria Clause A string containing a condition of the type used with If blocks. Uses the standard operators, and = Also can use the operator Like. Like uses the wildcard characters “_” and “%” to compare a string to a pattern.

27. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider27 Like Examples An underscore character stands for a single character in the same position as the underscore character. The pattern “B_d” is matched by “Bid”, “Bud”, and “Bad”. A percent sign stands for any number of characters in the same position as the asterisk. The pattern “C%r” is matched by “Computer”, “Chair”, and “Car”.

28. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider28 SELECT clause SELECT fields FROM clause fields is either * (to indicate all fields) or a sequence of the fields to be available (separated by commas) clause is either a single table or a join of two tables

29. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider29 Join clause A join of two tables is indicated by a clause of the form table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON foreign key of table1=primary key of table2 Appending WHERE criteria to the end of the sentence restricts the records to those satisfying criteria. Appending ORDER BY field(s) ASC (or DESC) presents the records ordered by the specified field or fields.

30. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider30 General SQL statements SELECT www FROM xxx WHERE yyy ORDER BY zzz where SELECT www FROM xxx is always present May be accompanied by one or both of WHERE yyy and ORDER BY zzz. The xxx portion might contain an INNER JOIN phrase.

31. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider31 More on SQL statements The single quote, rather than the normal double quote, is used to surround strings. Fields may be specified with the table they come from by tableName.FieldName

32. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider32 Virtual Tables SQL statements create a new “virtual” table from existing tables. Think of the following statement as creating a "virtual table" SELECT city, pop2015 FROM Cities WHERE pop2015>=20 Results in: city pop2015 Tokyo 28.7 Sao Paulo 20.8 Bombay 27.4 Shanghai 23.4

33. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider33 Views “Virtual” tables don’t exist physically. For all practical purposes, VB.NET acts as if they did. You may also see a “virtual” table called a view.

34. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider34 The DataGrid Control The DataGrid, displays the values for an entire view in a table format identical to the table displayed by Server Explorer. The prefix for the name of a DataGrid control is dg. After a data table has been filled, the statement dgDisplay.DataSource = dt displays the contents of the data table dt in the data grid.

35. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider35 Example 1 Private Sub Form1_Load(...) Handles MyBase.Load UpdateDataGrid("Select * From Cities") End Sub Private Sub btnOrderbyPop_Click(...) Handles btnOrderbyPop.Click UpdateDataGrid("Select * From Cities Order By pop1995 ASC") End Sub Private Sub btnShowCurrency_Click(...) Handles btnShowCurrency.Click UpdateDataGrid("SELECT city, Cities.country, " & _ "Cities.pop1995, currency " & _ "FROM Cities INNER JOIN Countries " & _ "ON Cities.country=Countries.country " & _ "ORDER BY city ASC") End Sub

36. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider36 Example 1 continued Sub UpdateDataGrid(ByVal sqlStr As String) Dim dt As New DataTable() Dim connStr As String ="Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" & _ "Data Source = MEGACITIES.MDB" Dim dataAdapter As New OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter(sqlStr, connStr) dataAdapter.Fill(dt) dataAdapter.Dispose() dgDisplay.DataSource = dt End Sub

37. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider37 Example 2 Private Sub btnFindCities_Click(...) Handles btnFindCities.Click UpdateDataGrid("SELECT city FROM Cities WHERE" & _ "country = '" & txtCountry.Text & _ "' ORDER BY city ASC") End Sub Sub UpdateDataGrid(ByVal sqlStr As String) 'Declare and populate the data table. Dim dt As New DataTable() Dim connStr As String = "Provider = " & _ "Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source = " & _ "MEGACITIES.MDB"

38. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider38 Example 2 continued Dim dataAdapter As New _ OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter(sqlStr, connStr) dataAdapter.Fill(dt) dataAdapter.Dispose() 'Display the names of the cities in the specified 'country. If dt.Rows.Count = 0 Then MsgBox("No cities from that country " & _ "in the database") Else dgDisplay.DataSource = dt End If End Sub

39. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider39 Example 2 Output

40. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider40 Changing the Contents of a Database Data grids can also be used to add, modify, and delete records from a database. After a DataAdapter has been created, the statement Dim commandBuilder As New OleDbCommandBuilder(dataAdapter) will automatically generate the commands used for the Insert, Update, and Delete operations.

41. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider41 Using the DataAdapter to Change a Database If changes is an Integer variable, then the statement changes = dataAdapter.Update(dt) will store all of the insertions, updates, and deletions made in the data table to the database and assign the number of records changed to the variable changes.

42. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider42 Comments 1.There is a one-to-many relationship from the Countries table to the Cities table if each record of the Countries table is related to one or more records of the Cities table, but each record of the Cities table is related to only one record of the Countries table. 2.SQL statements are case insensitive. 3.When the Like operator is used, the “pattern” must appear on the right of the operator. SELECT * FROM Cities WHERE city Like 'S%'

43. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider43 Comments continued 4.An expression such as “[letter1-letter2]” is a placeholder for any letter from letter1 to letter2. Example: the pattern “[A-F]ad” is matched by Bad and Dad, but not Sad. 5.When Like is used in SQL statements, it is case insensitive. That is, (‘bad’ Like ‘[A-F]ad’) is True. When Like is used in an If block, the asterisk is used instead of the percent sign to denote any number of characters, and the question mark stands for any one character.

44. Chapter 10 - VB.Net by Schneider44 Comments continued 6.The requirement that no record may have a null primary key and that entries for primary keys be unique is called the Rule of Entity Integrity.