1. REASSORTMENT OF INFLUENZA VIRUS

2. DEFINITION
Changing of genetic material especially genome of one virus with other is known as reassortment

3. INTRODUCTION
Mutation is an important source of RNA virus diversity that is made possible by the error-prone nature of RNA synthesis.
Viruses with segmented genomes, such as influenza virus, have another mechanism for generating diversity: reassortment.
DUCTIO

4. EXPLANATION
Influenza virus infects a cell ,RNA segments enter the nucleus.
The new RNA segments, are incorporated into new virus particles which bud from the cell.
If a cell is infected with two different influenza viruses, the RNAs of both viruses are copied in the nucleus.
When new virus particles are assembled at the plasma membrane, each of the 8 RNA segments may originate from either infecting virus.
The progeny that inherit RNAs from both parents are called reassortants.
Reassortment can only occur between influenza viruses of the same type. Why influenza A viruses never exchange RNA segments with influenza B or C viruses is not understood.

6. Antigenic drift
Antigenic drift is the term used to indicate minor antigenic variations in HA and NA of the influenza virus from the original parent virus.
Antigenic drift (minor changes) occurs due to accumulation of point mutations in the gene which results in changes in the amino acids in the proteins. Sequence changes, occurring this way can alter the antigenic site on the molecule. It is understood that a variant must sustain two or more mutations before a significantly new (epidemiologically significant) variant strain emerges.

7. ANTIGENIC SHIFT
Major changes in HA and NA which make the new virions significantly different, are called Antigenic shift. The difference between the two phenomena is a matter of degree.
Changes which are extreme, and drastic (too drastic to be explained by mutation alone) result in antigenic shift of the virus. It has been seen that the segmented genomes of the influenza viruses reassort readily in double infected cells. Genetic reassortment between human and non-human influenza virus has been suggested as a mechanism for antigenic shift. This bears reference to the fact that Influenza B and C viruses have not been seen to exhibit antigenic shift (because few related viruses exist in animals

8. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANTIGENIC DRIFT AND ANTIGENIC SHIFT

9. Antigenic ‘drift’ occurs in HA and NA, and is associated with seasonal epidemics.
Each year’s flu vaccine contains three flu strains -- two A strains and one B strain -- that can change from year to year.
After vaccination, your body produces infection-fighting antibodies against the three flu strains in the vaccine.
If you are exposed to any of the three flu strains during the flu season, the antibodies will latch onto the virus’s HA antigens, preventing the flu virus from attaching to healthy cells and infecting them.
Influenza virus genes, made of RNA, are more prone to mutations than genes made of DNA.
If the HA gene changes, so can the antigen that it encodes, causing it to change shape
If the HA antigen changes shape, antibodies that normally would match up to it no longer can, allowing the newly mutated virus to infect the body’s cells. This type of genetic mutation is called “antigenic drift.”
Influenza viruses can change through antigenic drift, which is a process in which mutations to the virus genome produce changes in the viral H or N. Drift is a continuous ongoing process that results in the emergence of new strain variants. The amount of change can be subtle or dramatic, but eventually one of the new variant strains becomes dominant, usually for a few years, until a new variant emerges and replaces it. In essence, drift affects the influenza viruses that are already in worldwide circulation. This process allows influenza viruses
Antigenic Drift

10. Antigenic Shift
Antigenic ‘shift’ occurs in HA and NA and is associated with pandemics.
The genetic change that enables a flu strain to jump from one animal species to another, including humans, is called antigenic shift.  Antigenic shift can happen in three ways:
Antigenic Shift 1
A duck or other aquatic bird passes a bird strain of influenza A to an intermediate host such as a chicken or pig.
A person passes a human strain of influenza A to the same chicken or pig.
When the viruses infect the same cell, the genes from the bird strain mix with genes from the human strain to yield a new strain.
The new strain can spread from the intermediate host to humans.
Antigenic Shift 2
Without undergoing genetic change, a bird strain of influenza A can jump directly from a duck or other aquatic bird to humans.
Antigenic Shift 3
Without undergoing genetic change, a bird strain of influenza A can jump directly from a duck or other aquatic bird to an intermediate animal host and then to humans.
The new strain may further evolve to spread from person to person. If so, a flu pandemic could arise.
In contrast to drift, pandemic viruses arise through a process known as antigenic shift. In this process, the surface existing viral H and N proteins are not modified, but are replaced by significantly different H and Ns. Since influenza A viruses that bear new (or novel) H or H/N combinations are perceived by immune systems as new, most people do not have pre-existing antibody protection to these novel viruses

11. Antigenic Drift

12. Antigenic Shift

13. SWINE FLU
. A human (or bird) influenza virus can infect a pig respiratory cell at the same time as a swine influenza virus; some of the replicating RNA strands from the human virus can get mistakenly enclosed inside the enveloped swine influenza virus
The total number of RNA types in one cell would be 16; four swine and four human flu RNA segments could be incorporated into one particle, making a viable eight RNA segmented flu virus from the 16 available segment types
.. Various combinations of RNA segments can result in a new subtype of virus (known as antigenic shift) that may have the ability to preferentially infect humans but still show characteristics unique to the swine influenza virus
). It is even possible to include RNA strands from birds, swine, and human influenza viruses into one virus if a cell becomes infected with all three types of influenza (for example, two bird flu, three swine flu, and three human flu RNA segments to produce a viable eight-segment new type of flu

14. 4/24/2017

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4/24/2017
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