1. Focus On ALCOHOL

2. What’s in Alcoholic Beverages? Alcoholic beverages consist primarily of water, ethanol, and sugar. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

3. Absorption, Transportation and Excretion of Alcohol Alcohol is rapidly absorbed by simple diffusion along the entire GI tract. About 20% is absorbed in the stomach Absorbed alcohol is rapidly distributed throughout all body water compartments. About 90% of the alcohol is metabolized by the liver, 5% is excreted into the urine, and the reminder is eliminated via the lungs. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

4. Factors Affecting Blood Alcohol Level Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

5. Alcohol Metabolism Two Primary Pathways: Cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): for breaking down small amounts of alcohol Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): important for breaking down large amounts of alcohol Alcohol is also metabolized by colon bacterial ADH to yield acetaldehyde—a toxic compound. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

6. Two Primary Pathways of Alcohol Metabolism Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

7. Physiological Impact of Alcohol Metabolism Gender difference: Women have lower activity of stomach ADH and less body water than men. Products of alcohol metabolism by ADH promote fat synthesis. Reactive oxygen molecules are generated in MEOS pathway. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

8. Physiological Impact of Alcohol Metabolism Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

9. Adverse Effects of Alcohol Consumption The short-term effects interfere with organ function for several hours after ingestion. Chronic alcohol consumption interferes with nutritional status and produces toxic compounds. The effects of alcohol vary with life stage. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

10. Acute Effects of Alcohol Consumption When alcohol intake exceeds the ability of the liver to break it down, alcohol intoxication or alcohol poisoning can occur. The circulating alcohol affects the central nervous system, breathing and heart rate. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

11. Acute Effects of Alcohol Consumption Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

12. Alcoholism: Chronic Effects of Alcohol Use Long-term excessive alcohol consumption causes malnutrition. Decreasing overall nutrient intake Interfering with nutrient absorption, storage, metabolism, and excretion Increasing kcalorie intake 1 gram of alcohol = 7 kcalories Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

13. Alcoholism: Chronic Effects of Alcohol Use Long-term excessive alcohol consumption generates toxins and free radicals that cause: Liver damage: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc. Hypertension, heart disease and stroke Increased risk for certain types of cancers Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

14. Summary: Health Effects of Chronic Alcohol Use Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

15. Benefits of Alcohol Consumption Moderate drinking: no more than 1 drink for women and 2 drinks for men, per day Moderate drinking has a number of benefits.  Lowest mortality  Reduced risk for heart disease and stroke—especially with a combination of alcohol and phytochemicals (phenols) Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

16. Effects of Moderate and Heavy Drinking on the Cardiovascular System Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

17. Safe Drinking Some people should completely avoid alcohol. Pregnant women; children and adolescents; individuals who plan to drive or operate machinery; alcoholics; individuals taking medications that can interact with alcohol Drinking is a personal choice that should take into account medical and social considerations. If individuals choose to drink, they should do so in moderation, slowly and with meals. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

18. Copyright Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.