1. Interannual Variabilities of High Clouds Seen by AIRS and Comparison with CAM5 simulations Yuk Yung, Hui Su, Katie, Hazel et al.

2. Introduction AIRS observations since 2004 provide a unique opportunity to examine decade-long simultaneous cloud and water vapor variabilities. These datasets serve as important references to evaluate climate models. We examine AIRS retrieved high cloud fraction and corresponding humidity distributions in the upper troposphere. CAM5 simulations driven by observed SST from 2004 to 2013 are analyzed. 2

3. Climatological Cloud Fraction from AIRS and CAM5 (left column) AIRS high, middle and low cloud fraction climatology is shown in Kahn et al. (2014). Explain the definitions of three cloud types. (right column) CAM5 corresponding cloud fraction spatial maps. This study focuses on interannual variability of clouds. EOF analyses are performed on the de- seasonalized monthly anomalies (3-month running mean is applied to the time series). 3

4. Explained Variance of EOF modes Here, it can be interesting to show the explained variances of leading EOF modes, from EOF1 to EOF6 (or lower) for both AIRS and CAM5 simulations, for high, middle and low clouds. The EOF1 in the AIRS data is quite dominant, explaining about 25% of the variance, while the EOF1 in CAM5 explains only 15% of the variance. The EOF2 in the AIRS data explains ~6% of variance, while the EOF2 in CAM5 explains ~8% of the variance. 4

5. EOF1 5

6. EOF 1 (high): the Canonical ENSO Signal 6

7. 7 EOF 1 (middle): the Canonical ENSO Signal

8. 8 EOF 1 (low): the Canonical ENSO Signal

9. Comparing CAM5 with AIRS 9

10. High Clouds—AIRS and CAM5 (EOF 1) 10

11. 11 Middle Clouds—AIRS and CAM5 (EOF 1)

12. 12 Low Clouds—AIRS and CAM5 (EOF 1)

13. EOF2 13

14. 14 EOF 2 (high): the ENSO Modoki

15. 15 EOF 2 (middle): the ENSO Modoki

16. 16 EOF 2 (low): the ENSO Modoki

17. Comparing CAM5 with AIRS 17

18. 18 High Clouds—AIRS and CAM5 (EOF 2)

19. 19 Middle Clouds—AIRS and CAM5 (EOF 2)

20. 20 Clouds—AIRS and CAM5 (Low, EOF 2)

21. Conclusions The most dominant mode (EOF 1) of clouds observed by AIRS shows a consistent pattern with the canonical ENSO for all three cloud types. CAM5 captures well the EOF 1 of high clouds, but its leading modes of middle and low clouds are not as well-simulated as the high clouds. The second dominant mode of clouds has a weak resemblance to the ENSO Modoki. CAM5 has a difficulty in reproducing the EOF 2 of all three types of clouds. 21