1. Eradicating Tree of Heaven Presented By: Ben Kunze, WV DOF

2. General Regionally known as “Shumac” Differentiate from walnut or true sumacs by looking for gland at base of leaf, absence of segmented pith, and smooth margin

3. General Allelopathicthic compound ailanthone Introduced in Philadelphia, PA in 1784 Non-Native Invasive 2 yr. stump sprouts can grow 6’ in 1 yr. Produces abundant seeds that are widely dispersed (winged)

4. Control Options Manual/Mechanical Prescribed Burning Grazing Biological Control Herbicide

5. Manual Works best on young seedlings that can be hand-pulled or dug Simply cutting the stems is not advisable To be 100% effective, all root matter must be removed

6. Prescribed Burning Many limitations regionally Thin bark trees (such as TOH) are more susceptible to fire mortality Success dependent on correct fire intensity and timing Many possible negative impacts

7. Grazing Not a preferred food but will be consumed by deer, cattle, and goats Non selective—they will eat everything

8. Biological Control Work best on previously weakened trees May affect native vegetation as well Several fungal disease identified such as Verticulum Wilt

9. Herbicides Foliar Spraying Basal Bark Cut Stump Injection or “Hack-and- Squirt”

10. Herbicide Safety Thoroughly read the label and follow completely Wear long sleeves, gloves, and any PPE required by the label Keep mixing space organized Label--date, mix, concentration Be conscious of wind, splashing, or potential spills

11. Foliar Spraying Best when you can reach all foliage Apply between June and September Use 2% solution of Glyphosate Surfactant needed Wet foliage just to the point of runoff during rain free periods Always mix with clean water Minimum spray pressure reduces drift

12. Basal Bark Most applicable for stems less than 6” diameter Completely spray stem from 12-15” above ground line down Use an Oil Carrier (fuel oil) Apply any time the stems are dry

13. Cut-Stump 50-100% glyphosate product in a water carrier Treat immediately after cutting whenever possible Spray outer 2” of cut surface June 1 st to Nov 1 st Commonly used on small diameter stems— “Cut Stub”

14. Stem Injection Hack-and-Squirt Approximately 1 incision per inch diameter, evenly spaced Leave 1” between hacks 1.5 ml. of solution per hack Use a 50% Solution of glyphosate

15. Follow-Up Unfortunately, may times there is still small amounts stump sprouts or root suckers Easily controlled w/ foliar or “Cut-Stub” early on Exasperated by improper initial application or poor timing