1. Marine Biology Biology The Science and History of Marine Biology Jaques Yves Cousteau, 1910-1997

2. Essential Question: §How have human advances led to an understanding of the oceans?

3. Objectives:  Explain how the contributions of major explorations and marine interactions led to a better understanding of the oceans.  Describe technologies that allow scientists to study the marine environment.

4. Think…  How are you connected to the sea?  How have you interacted with the marine environment?  Why is it important to study Marine Science?

5. Introduction  Life may have originated in the sea!  Sea organisms- medical research  Marine life- source of human wealth  Food, medicine, recreation, raw materials, tourism  Marine life shapes the nature of our planet- oxygen!  Marine life can create new land, protect and shape shorelines Ilya Metchnikof (1900) discovered animal immune system in marine anemones.

6. §Archeaology §Biology §Botany §Chemistry §Geology §Ichthyology §Oceanography §Physiology §Physics §Seismology §Medicine §Welding §Diving §Research §Education §Recreation The list goes on and on… Nearly ALL disciplines are represented in Marine Science (Biology)

7.  Coastal cultures = practical ocean knowledge  Ancient “clambakes” date back to stone age  42,000 year old fishing hooks discovered in East Timor in 2011- tuna remains found  Snail shell necklaces date back - 75,000 years old History of Marine Biology

8. Phoenicians (1200 BCE)  first accomplished navigators  sailing civilization of Mediterranean Sea  sailed the Indian ocean- possibly around Africa?  used celestial navigation (North Star) History of Marine Biology Skills in seamanship and navigation expanded ocean knowledge…

9. Aristotle (384-322 BCE)  first to record observations on marine life = first marine biologist  described many forms of marine life- crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, fish  gills are breathing apparatus of fish  cetaceans are mammals History of Marine Biology

10. Vikings (1000 CE)  Led by Leif Ericson  Master ship builders- “longship”  Discovered Greenland and Iceland  discovered “Vinland” – (Newfoundland today)- evidence  Nova Scotia? Cape Cod? – capable? C. Columbus (1492 CE)  mapped routes to “New World”  landed in Caribbean History of Marine Biology

11. Amerigo Vespucci (1497)  Rio de Janeiro  America! Ponce de Leon (1513)  Spanish explorer- under Columbus  Established first settlement on Puerto Rico  “La Florida!” -First European to explore coasts of Florida- St. Augustine or Melbourne of Florida- St. Augustine or Melbourne

12. Magellan (1519)  first expedition to circumnavigate the globe  world not flat (accurate maps appear for first time)  Philippines? Henry Hudson (1609)  English. Ice free route to Asia? - SW discovers NY Bay instead- Goes up Hudson River NY Bay instead- Goes up Hudson River  Next voyage, discovers Hudson Bay in 1610  On last journey – crew rebels- sets him and family adrift!

13. Cornelius Van Drebbel (1620)  Dutch inventor  Builds first submarine  15 ft depth- powered by oarsmen John Lethbridge (1715)  1 st diving suit  Leather covered barrel  60 ft depth

14. James Cook (1768)  English sea captain- voyages for British navy  first “scientific observations” of all oceans- unknown plants and animals  first to see Hawaii, New Zealand, Antarctic  first to prevent “scurvey” on ships- Vit. C  first to use a “chronometer” - (time device used to tell position)

15. Franklin/Folger Chart(1769)  First to accurately map the Gulf Stream from Florida N.Atlantic  GS carries greater volume than all rivers in world combined.

16. C. Darwin (1831)  Voyages on HMS Beagle  “natural selection”  also described how atolls are formed  studied barnacles extensively Wilkes History of Marine Biology

17. The Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)  British naval ship- 3.5 year voyage –scientific exped.  Laid the foundation for marine science, oceanography!  Discovered over 4000 new species  discovered mid Atlantic ridge  30,000 pages of oceanographic info.  Plot of currents, ocean temps., meticulous data, 19 years to publish results- most info on oceans ever recorded

18. The Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) cont..  The deepest place on Earth is the Challenger Deep (35,798 ft.) in the Mariana Trench (Mt. Everest – the highest point on Earth is 29,035 ft. tall)

19.  All this science led to the formation of some pretty cool stuff!!! Woods Hole, MA 1888. Woods Hole, MA Today Marine Labs *First major American marine lab *One of the world’s most prestigious marine stations http://www.whoi.edu/about/

20. Simon Lake (1898)  “Father of the Modern Submarine,” launches Argonaut- 2 person submarine with 10 hour submerge time. Made 200 submarine patents (ex. Periscope and ballast tanks)

21. Sonar (so_____ na_________ r______)  need brought on by WW1 to detect German submarines  “seeing with sound waves”  sends out sound pulses called “pings” then receives returning sound echo with “transducer”  1454m/s underwater  measure depth, contours of sea floor, locate vessels, determine composition of sea floor, locate fish, nautical charts, shipwrecks etc.

22. Scuba Scuba (s___ c______ u_____ b______ a______)  Refined after WW2  Invented by Jacques Cousteau - 1946 (navy officer, explorer, film maker) (navy officer, explorer, film maker)  1956- Cousteau produces 1 st underwater documentary movie with underwater camera- “Silent World”

23. Submersibles  1930- Bathysphere- William Beebe/Otis Barton- cast iron sphere, lowered on cable - (3,028 ft) *saw bioluminescent organisms for first time *previous dives only reached 350ft  1960- Bathyscaphe Trieste dives to “challenger deep” in Mariana Trench (35,800ft)

24. Submersibles  allow scientists to explore abyssal depths  Alvin (Woods Hole) one of the most famous marine science vessels since 1964 (HOV)  max depth over 14,000 feet, remains submerged for 10 hours, 4,600 total dives.  core sediments, sample water, collect specimens etc.

25. Latest submersibles  ROV- Remote Operated Vehicle- unmanned and tethered to surface (Jason- 6 mile fiber optic cable)  AUV- Autonomous Underwater Vehicle- unmanned and no tether ABE :( Sentry, Remus Autonomous benthic explorer 2010

26. Satellites  Track and record ocean surface temperature, currents, atmospheric conditions, animal behaviors, chlorophyll concentrations… chlorophyll concentrations…  1st oceanographic satellite: SeaSat A (1978)  2008 Okeanos Explorer- most advanced ocean exploring ship dedicated to research and education

27. Ocean/Marine Labs Today R/V FLIP (floating instrument platform) Scripps institute Aquarius Underwater Laboratory, Florida Keys Worlds only underwater lab

28. DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition  2012- James Cameron/National Geographic  Solo mission to “challenger deep”

29. Quick Quiz Questions: 1.Who were the Phonecians? 2.Why is Aristotle referred to as the “father of marine biology?” 3.List two key facts about the Vikings. 4.What were James Cook’s contributions to marine science/ocean exploration? 5.Discuss the importance of the Challenger expedition to marine science. 6.Discuss two advantages of Sonar in exploring the oceans. 7.Discuss two technologies and specifically describe what they allow scientists to do to explore the oceans. 8.Distinguish the following and provide an example + advantage of each: HOV, ROV, AUV