1. Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship as key drivers of the Cambridge Technopole Dr Shailendra Vyakarnam

2. Self Introduction Director of Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning Vision – To spread the spirit of Enterprise Courses in the “why and how to” of enterprise largely for the Science Engineering and Technology students and staff of the University From business – Via MBA/PhD onto Faculty – to where I am Pracademic!

3. CfEL Core Design Principles The best teachers are entrepreneurs –Real-life businesses and problem solving Focus on the practical –Action learning –Development of own ideas –Building confidence The power of communication and networking –Explore synergies and make practical connections –Access to network

4. I want to learn... What entrepreneurship is all about Some new knowledge and skills in business planning How to get my idea started How to survive and grow in the early stages How to develop and grow companies How to teach entrepreneurship I’m a CU student and want Entrepreneurship as part of my degree Undergraduate and Postgraduate Assessed Programmes I’m a student or member of staff or local entrepreneurial individual Enterprise Tuesday (Term 1) Enterprise Tuesday (Term 2) I’m a student Enterprisers Summer School ‘Fast Tracking Innovation to Commercial Success’ I’m a Solo Entrepreneur with a technology idea I’m a Corporate Intrapreneur or Entrepreneurial Manager Senior Managers’ Programme I’m an entrepreneur or an entrepreneurial academic Summer Forum CfEL’s Programmes

5. Purpose Significance of Individuals and their particular assets as key influencers of technology cluster development in Cambridge Assets? – experience, social capital, nutrient rich networks Better understanding of social capital and Implications for policy and research

6. Background A short story about Cambridge A question about the unit of analysis – with respect to regional development and Why the study Methods and our pictures

7. Greater Cambridge (Greater Cambridge Partnership) About 3,500 hi-tech businesses employing over 50,000 people - 2003 GDP growth (1993-98) 6.3% p.a. (UK 3.4%, USA 3.8%) Employment Growth (1971-2001) – 5,000 p.a. Export value £2.8 bn (UK £190 bn)

8. The growth of workplace jobs in the Knowledge-based sector in Greater Cambridge (000s) and UK (m), 1971-2001 Source:ABI, LFS, PACEC

9. Number of high tech firms in Cambridge 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1600 800 300 200 8% of EU VC

10. Principal Components That Caused And Shaped Cambridge Phenomenon After 1960s C ambridge University 1960 1970 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology CAD Centre Sinclair Radionics CCL Barclays Bank 1980 Cambridge Interactive System Cambridge Science Park Acorn PA Technology Eicon Research Ltd Sinclair Research Ltd 1990 Analysys Olivetti Research Laboratory (acquired by AT&T in 1999) Judge Institute of Management Studies St. John Innovation Centre Scientific Generics The Technology Partnership TTP Cambridge Research and Innovation Ltd (CRIL) Institute of Biotechnolog y Cantab Pharmaceuticals Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory Nickerson Biotech Laboratory Glaxo 2000 Toshiba Cambridge Research Laboratory Seiko Epson Research Lab Unilever Cambridge Centre for Molecular Informatics Cambridge Network Institute of Manufacturing Amadeus Capital Partners TTP Ventures Entropic Research Laboratory (acquired by Microsoft in 1999) Glaxo Institute of Applied Pharmacology BP Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam

11. Regional development Increasing interest in stimulating entrepreneurship – but – the focus and the language is still on SMEs! Growing literature that recognises that unless we have the appropriate unit of analysis we cannot affect the outcomes for a more entrepreneurial society. SMEs as inanimate, difficult to define, but easy to count and locate.. Entrepreneurs come in many forms are human subject to motivations, values, skills capital and so forth.. We should not confuse Rugby with cricket! There has been a devastating flow of funds into cluster development – without a recognition that it is the people in a particular eco-system that cause clusters to happen – over time

12. Why? Curious about the disconnection between policy and outcomes Learn how and why these people did what they did The teaching model at CfEL – from those with more experience to those with less – so what do they know and what should the next generation know? Connect the novice with the experienced – build local social capital

13. Segal Quince Wicksteed (1985)’s a complex ``family tree'' of start-ups and spinouts Rosa and Scott (1999) to determine the prevalence of multiple directorship Mapping of the start-ups/spin-outs where key individuals were involved. Identification of key individuals who influence multiple companies. Links of entrepreneurs with prior association. Method Mapping the level of interconnectivity between companies in a cluster as a measure of its social infrastructure. Showed how many firms could trace their origin back to Cambridge University. Explored the rate of multiple directorships as a proxy for multiple business ownership amongst the directors of small firms.

14. Until 1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2002 C ambridge University Acorn Hermann Hauser Acquired by Olivetti Olivetti Research Lab Andy Hopper Adaptive Broadband Cambridge Broadband Acquired by American Microwave Acquired by Western Multiplex Corp Andy Hopper Peter Warton IPV (Telemedia Systems) Andy Hopper Virata(ATML) Hermann Hauser Andy Hopper Merged with Globespan Acquired by AT &T RealVNC Virtual Network Computing Level5Network Andy Hopper ANT Alex Van Someren Niko nCipher Alex Van Someren Netchannel Hermann Hauser Jack Lang Acquired by NTL ARM Robin Saxby Element 14 Stan Boland Acquired by Broadcom Amadeus Capital Partners Hermann Hauser IQ Bio Hermann Hauser, Chris Keightley Part of DAKO Diagnostics DakoCytomation - Merged with Cytomation Inc CDT Richard Friend Plastic Logic Analysys David Cleevely Cambridge Network David Cleevely Hermann Hauser Alec Broers Cambridge 3G David Cleevely Virtual Business Network David Cleevely SimonElliot CPS Peter Duffett-Smith Teraview Michael Pepper Don Arnone Polight Technologies Stephen Elliott Pavel Krecmer ART Daniel Hall Pilgrim Beart ActiveRF Pilgrim Beart Antenova Zeus Technology Adam Twiss David Reeves Cambridge Semiconductor Gehan Amaratunga Florin Udrea Muscat John Snyder Dr. Martin Porter Enterprise Accelerator John Snyder Webtop Smartlogik Acquired by Dialog Small World Richard Green Authur Chance CAD Shape Data Charles Lang Acquired by GE Tensails Richard Green VBN online TerraPrise Ubisense Andy Hopper Steve Pope Andy Hopper Andy Ward Pete Steggles Simon Elliot Electronic Share Information Acquired by E* Trade Hermann Hauser Jack Lang Top express Jack Lang Splashpower Lily Cheng James Hay Saviso Group Adam Twiss Bryan Amesbury Innovia Collin Ager Garraint Davies Cambridge Interactive Systems

15. CCL 1960 Until 1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2002 PA 1970 Dr. Gordon Edge Dr. Collin Smithers Plextek Scientific Generics Dr. Gordon Edge, Bob Pettigrew Pivotal Resources Absolute Sensors Sensopad Technologies Imerge Sphere Medical 3D Molecular Sciences Ionica QuantumBEAM Gordon Edge, Bob Pettigrew, Alan Green Adaptive Screening Flying Null Diomed Tony Raven Sentec Ubinetics Andrew Dames Acquired by Synaptics Smartbead Technologies Polatis Holotag Caroline Garey Andrew Dames Prelude Dr. Robert Hook Xaar David Paton Mike Willis Steve Temple Mike Willis Aphamosaic Cambridge Silicon Radio Cyan Technology Pelikon Roundpoint INCA Digital Printers ELMJET Domino DCSCambridge Mass Spectrometry Bill Baxter Will Eve Paul Anson Mike Payne Graham Martin Colin Gray Will Eve Acquired by Videojet Technologies Graeme Minto David Paton Xennia Technologies Alan Hudd Transversal David Yip David McKay Barrie Griffiths Steve Mullock Kore Technology Yuno Ltd Steve Barlow Robert Swann Phil O’ Donovan James Collier Glenn Collinson Chris Davies Acquired by Elumin founded by Dr. Hans Wagner David Bending Symbionics Ali Pourtaheri Dennis Fielder Acquired by Cadence Tality Fen Technology TTP Tim Eiloart Gerald Avison Adrian Lucas Mark Howard Richard Doyle Stuart Hendry Gavin Troughton Elizabeth Hill Mark Tracy Nigel Playford Wavedriver Acquired by PowerGen TTP Ventures TTP LabTech Creativity Partnership Acumen Bioscience ip.access Myriad Acquired by Mettler-Toledo Automation Partnership Demerged from TTP Group TTPCom Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam Chris Fryer Chris Barnardo Mike Stroey Cambridge Physical Sciences Roger Millar Signal Process Ltd Dr. Robin Smith-Saville Vivid Stephen Eason Acquired by Vetura Radiant Networks Mike Crossfield Tony Millbourn Tim Eiloart Ross Green, Mike Kellaway Richard Archer John Cassells Richard Philpott John Cassells David Cornell Anne Miller

16. Until 1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2002 AGC 1984 Alan Goodman (FD) ATM Alan Goodman Salix pharmaceutical Alan Goodman Peptide Therapeutics Now Acambis Daniel Roach Alan Goodman Amura Alan Goodman Avlar BioVentures Alan Goodman Daniel Roach Oxford Bimedica Alan Goodman LINDCO Alan Goodman Alan Goodman CORE CeNes Daniel Roach Alan Goodman Chiroscience Alan Goodman Chris Evans Enzymatix Chris Evans Merged by Celltech Group Rapigene ChiroTech Enviros Chris Evans Cerebrus Toad Chris Evans Merlin Ventures Celsis Amedis pharmaceutic al William Bains John Caldwell Axis Genetcs Iain Cubitt Pestex Changed its name to MicroBio Group Acquired by Becker Underwood MRC LMB 1960s Greg Winter Daivd Chiswell CAT Greg Winter Diversys RiboTargets Simon Sturge Celltech C ambridge University Martin Davies BioRobotics Cantab Pharmaceuticals Alan Munro Merged with Xenova Group Ltd Chris Lowe J. McCann Cambridge Sensors Affinity chromatography Chris Lowe Ken Jones Acquired by Prometic Biosciences Inc Holometrica Roger Millington Abcam Jonathan Milner AdproTech Peter Lachmann Biotica Technology Peter Leadlay Jim Staunton Kudos Pharmaceuticals Stephen Jackson Hexagen Mark Bodmer Lorantis Acquired by Incyte Sense Proteomics Jonathan Blackburn De Novo Philip Dean David Bailey Paradigm Therapeutics Dr. Mark Carlton Metris Therapeutics Stephen Smith Steve Charnock-Jones Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam Smart Holograms Chris Lowe Purely Proteins Chris Lowe David Bailey Daniolabs Paul Goldsmith Akubio Matthew Cooper David Klenerman Tony Minson Astex Technology Prof. Blundell Chris Abell Harren Jhoti Solexa Shankar Balasubramanian

17. Hermann Hauser Graham O'Keeffe Richard Youell Andrew Dames Ray Anderson Andy Hopper Mike Muller Duncan Stewart Chris Wade David Cleevely Gerald Avison Stephen Ives Richard Friend Bob Pettigrew Peter Wynn Alex Van Someren Robert Hook Robin Saxby Jamie Urquhart Laurence Garrett Pilgrim Beart Jack Lang Phil O'Donovan Robert Swann Stephen Elliott John Paul Auton Gordon Edge Dr. Peter J. Duffett-Smith Nigel Berry Charles Cotton Simon Segars Sir Alec Broers Michael Ledzion Richard King 4 links & above 3 links 2 links 1 link Structural and relational social capital in the hi-tech cluster LORANTIS

18. Bill Matthews Chris Abell Dr Chris Keightley Timothy Rink John Padfield Stephen Bunting Andy Richards Alan Goodman David Bailey Derek Jones Mark Carthy Alan Munro Chris Lowe Mark Bodmer Daniel Roach Chris Evans David Needham Alan Smith David Gough Hermann Hauser Bob Pettigrew Ann Hayes Philip Dean Peter Keen David Klenerman John Berriman Structural and relational social capital in the bio-tech cluster 3 links 2 links 1 link

19. Some individuals involved in Acorn - 1978 Sinclair Research University of Cambridge Barclays Bank Acquired in 1985 ARM -1990 Virata (ATML)- 1993 Orbis 1978 Element 14 - 1999 ANT- 1990 Amadeus Capital Partners Electronic Share Information St John’s Innovation Centre - Norwich and Peterborough Building Society Level 5 Network -2002 Ubisense 2002 Ubisense 2002 Olivetti, acquired by AT&T in 1999 Real VNC 2002 Real VNC 2002 Source of Technology Movement of individuals from one organization to another Robin Saxby & Engineers from Acorn Hermann Hauser Andy Hopper Mike Muller Tudor Brown Peter Wynn Alex Van Someren Sophie Wilson Chris Curry Stan Boland Steve Furber Start-ups Walter Herriot Matthew Bullock Jack Lang Charles Cotton Anne Glover Andy Ward Rupert Curwen, Paul Webster, Pete Steggles Steve Pope Derek Roberts David Riddoch Andy Harter Tristan Richardson James Weatherall Acorn Cluster

20. Social Network 2

21. Social Network 1

22. How the Key Players involve and support the Cambridge Technopole CAMBRIDGE ENTREPRENEURS COMPANY FOUNDERS Cambridge entrepreneurs play several roles Strong Academic links Business angels Membership of Research Organizations Multiple Directorships Mentoring Create a network of networks, exchanging knowledge, expertise and components of each other Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam

23. So what? - discussion Drill into local landscape to really understand what is going on – study replicated to Lowestoft and Waveney… –10 year view – Schools - Champions Birth rate strategies for Regions – look at needs of individuals as sources of inspiration and excellence – as important as sectoral investment Nurture pre-existing networks Temporal effects of clusters, technopoles – needs to be recognised by policy makers Multiple Directorships –Novice, Serial and Habitual Multiple Roles

24. Thank you! www.cfel.jbs.cam.ac.uk