1. Lesson 3&4 - % and Molar Concentrations of Solutions Concentration Volume/volume percent Mass/volume percent Ppm Ppb Mass/mass percent

2. Concentration The amount of solute per quantity of solvent Eg. Beer = 5-9% alcohol, spirits = 40%, Everclear is a colorless and flavorless type of grain alcohol = 95% = illegal in Canada and most States. Phenol = as little as 1g can be fatal, although it is found in low concentrations in throat spray and lotions to relieve itching.

3. Ppm and Ppb Ppm – Ppb – 1ppm = 1ml of something per 1000L of water 1ppm = 1mg of something per 1kg of soil 1ppb = 1ml of something per 1 000 000L of water or 1mg of something per 1000Kg of soil

4. Examples Lead in drinking water – anything greater than 15ppb is considered hazardous. Ozone can harm lungs at anything over 0.12ppm

5. Mass/Volume Percent Unsaturated solutions are often expressed as the mass of solute dissolved per volume of solvent. Mass/volume percent gives the mass of solute dissolved in a volume of solution, expressed in percent.

6. Sample Problem Mass/Volume A pharmacist adds 2.0mL of distilled water to 4.00g of a powered drug. The final volume of the solution is 3.00mL. What is the concentration of the drug in g/100mL of solution? What is the percent (m/v) of the solution?

7. Sample Problem (m/v) Many people use a solution of trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4, (TSP) to clean walls before putting up wall paper. The recommended concentration is 1.7%(m/v). What mass of TSP is needed to make 2.0L of solution?

8. Concentration as a Mass Percent The concentration of a solution that contains a solid solute dissolved in a liquid solvent can also be expressed as a mass of solute dissolved in a mass of solution. A mass/mass percent gives the mass of a solute divided by the mass of a solution, expressed as a percent

9. Sample Problem mass/mass % Calcium chloride, CaCl2, can be used instead of road salt to melt ice on roads. To determine how much calcium chloride was on the road, a student took a sample to analyze. The sample had a mass of 23.47g. When the solution was evaporated, the residue had a mass of 4.58g. What was the mass/mass percent of calcium chloride in the slush? How many grams of CaCl2 were present in 100g of solution?

10. Concentration as a volume/volume % When mixing two liquids to form a solution, it is easier to measure their volumes than their masses v/v % gives the volume of solute divided by the volume of the solution, expressed as a percent.

11. Sample Problem v/v% Rubbing alcohol is commonly used as an antiseptic for small cuts. It is sold as a 70% (v/v) solution of isopropyl alcohol in water. What volume of isopropyl alcohol is used to make 500mL of rubbing alcohol?

12. Molar Concentrations of Solutions Molar concentration = the number of moles of solute in 1L of solution, also known as molarity. Molar concentration (mol/L) = amount of solute (mol) / volume of solution (L)

13. Review! Grams to Moles! Convert 100g of Ca(OH) 2 to moles

14. Sample Problem What is the concentration in moles per litre of a solution containing 0.65mol of NaNO3 in 2500mL of solution? Given: 0.65 mol NaNO3, 2500mL = 2.5L Required: mol/L

15. Sample Problem What is the concentration in moles per litre of a solution containing 49g of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dissolved in 3.0L of solution? ANS = 0.17mol/L

16. Sample Problem A saline solution contains 0.90g of sodium chloride dissolved in 100mL of solution. What is the molar concentration of the solution? ANS = 0.15mol/L

17. Last Sample Problem At 20DC a saturated solution of calcium sulphate, CaSO4, has a concentration of 0.0153mol/L. A student takes 65mL of this solution and evaporates it. What mass (g) is left in the evaporating dish?