1. Introduction to Canadian History 1867 - 1914 Canada’s flag from 1868 - 1921

2. Why Join Together? Canada was created for three reasons: a)To protect against the United States. Manifest Destiny b) Save the United Kingdom money. c)Economic growth and political stability for the British colonies in Canada.

3. The Fathers of Confederation

4. The 3 Main People Involved John A. Macdonald (Conservatives) George Brown (Grits - Liberals) George-Etienne Cartier (Bleus – East Conservatives) Who was Canada’s first Prime Minister?

6. People Making up Canada British (Protestant) French (Roman Catholic) Metis (Roman Catholic) Native Canadians (Nature and Roman Catholic)

7. The Four Original Colonies of 1867 1. Ontario (Upper Canada) 2. Quebec (Lower Canada) 3. New Brunswick 4. Nova Scotia Additional Provinces & Territories to Join Canada 5. Manitoba (1870) 6. Northwest Territories (1870) 7. British Columbia (1873) 8. Prince Edward Island (1873) 9. Yukon Territories (1898) 10. Saskatchewan (1905) 11. Alberta (1905)

9. British North America Act 1867 Strong Central Government: Learn from the United States mistakes. The United States fought a Civil War from 1861 – 1865 over who held power the central government or the States. Federal System: The central government held all the major powers such as military, trade, foreign affairs. The provinces were given “residual” powers which mean everything that was left over such as education.

10. Louis Riel and Manitoba Louis Riel fought for Metis rights in Western Canada. They felt too many British people were settling their land in the west. The fight was known as the Red River Rebellion 1869-1870. Riel was Roman Catholic and believed he was doing God’s work. Riel set up a temporary government in Manitoba and negotiated their entry in Canada. Riel then fled to the United States to avoid trial for the murder of Thomas Scott which took place at the beginning of the rebellion. The province of Manitoba was created out of the Northwest Territories and both joined Canada in 1870.

11. Louis Riel

12. British Columbia & Prince Edward Island B.C. and P.E.I. entered confederation in 1871. The main reasons why B.C. and P.E.I. entered confederation was: a.Had a huge debt and wanted economic ties to Central Canada. b.Promised a transcontinental railroad to be joined to Central Canada. c.Feared American expansion.

13. Transcontinental Railroad Built between 1881 and 1885. Was a condition for B.C. to join Confederation. Put the central government into debt. Macdonald took bribes for railroad building contracts which forced him to resign as Prime Minister. This was known as the Pacific Scandal.

14. Lord Strathcona drives the Last Spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at Craigellachie, 7 November 1885. Completion of the transcontinental railroad was a condition of entry into Confederation. A Dream Fulfilled

15. Northwest Rebellion On the request of Aboriginal peoples in the Northwest Territories Louis Riel again returned to wage rebellion against the government of Canada. Again Natives and Metis felt British people were taking their land and buffalo supply. The rebellion was crushed by the Canadian government and the Aboriginals lost a lot of land. Riel was arrested and put on trial for treason. One of the major reasons for victory was due to the transcontinental railway. The government was able to send many troops out west by train quickly.

16. Battle of Fish Creek

17. The Trial of Louis Riel -French Canadians were outraged that the jury was made up entirely of English Protestants and no French. -Riel’s lawyers wanted him labelled insane to lessen the sentence but he refused. -The jury took 30 minutes to declare him guilty but asked for mercy.

18. Trial of Louis Riel The trial was highly flawed and seen unfair by many. Many appeals were sent to Prime Minister Macdonald by French Canadians begging for mercy for Riel. Macdonald would show no mercy and gave one of the most famous quotes in Canadian history: “Riel will hang though every dog in Quebec shall bark in his favour” Riel was hanged at 8:00am on November 16, 1885 in Regina Saskatchewan. In the aftermath the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were created out of the Northwest Territories and joined Canada in 1905.

19. Significance of the Riel Trial 1. First major dispute between English Canada and French Canada since confederation. Hard feelings still exist between the two cultures today because of the trial. 2. Regionalism: The first example of a split between the different regions in Canada. For example: Ontario, Quebec and the West.

20. Immigration Boom Immigration: the movement of people into a country from other lands Wilfred Laurier’s, Minister of the Interior, Clifford Sifton, introduced an “open door” policy. What do you think this means? Conditions were perfect  faster steam ships and the transcontinental railway

21. What impressions does this advertisement give? What promises are made? In a short paragraph, describe how the Canadian government encouraged immigration: