1. The Protestant Reformation

2. French Wars of Religion 1562 – 1598 French Calvinists, called “Huguenots,” and Catholics engaged in a struggle for control of France Horrible massacres occurred on both sides, the worst of which was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572

3. France’s King Henry IV First in the line of Bourbon French kings Ended the religious wars in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes, granting freedom of religion to Huguenots Known as “Good King Henry” for returning peace to France Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic who resented the Edict of Nantes, leaving the throne to his 9 year-old son, Louis XIII

4. The Reformation Spreads After Lutheranism and Calvinism, hundreds of other Protestant sects were born all over Europe – Anabaptists – rejected the baptism of infants, argued that only adults could knowingly accept Christ Modern Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, & Amish are all descended from the Anabaptists

5. Before the Tudors… Prior to 1066, the British mainland was defined by the feudal system Lesser kings from different continental regions (Angles, Saxons, and those of Scandinavian Viking heritage) were vying for power for centuries

6. Before the Tudors… 1066 - William of Normandy (a Frenchman) is victorious at the Battle of Hastings For us, TWO major results: 1) Consolidates power over the region 2) Imposes French culture

7. Before the Tudors… 1087 - William dies His death = MASSIVE competition for the crown England is basically at war with itself off and on until 1485

8. Before the Tudors… 1450-1485 – The War of the Roses A thirty-five year power struggle for control of England between the House of Lancaster (whose symbol was a red rose) and the House of York (whose symbol was a white rose) 1485 - Henry of Lancaster defeats Richard of York and the conflict ends

9. Before the Tudors… 1486 - The politically crafty Henry extends an olive branch by marrying Elizabeth of York (daughter of his defeated enemy) Their marriage unifies England He becomes King Henry VII Family is known as the House of Tudor

10. Henry VII Henry has two focuses during his reign: 1) Consolidating Power 2) Acquiring vast amounts of money for the crown *** Henry’s efforts build the foundation for Britain’s rise as a world power

11. Henry VIII 1509 - Henry VII dies -His second son, Henry VIII, ascends throne Henry VIII’s priority is maintaining, strengthening, and securing the kingdom his father established *** What is the main ingredient in this recipe for success? A MALE HEIR!

12. Henry VIII At 19, Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon (a Spanish princess and the widow of his dead older brother, Arthur) They are married for 18 years -Despite multiple pregnancies, they have only one surviving child… …a daughter (Mary Tudor)

13. England’s King Henry VIII A staunch Catholic and a longtime favorite of the pope, BUT … In 1527, he decided that he needed to divorce his wife because she had not provided him with a male heir

14. Henry VIII Henry has to “rid himself” of Catherine and try again with his (already pregnant) mistress, Anne Boleyn The Catholic Church did not recognize divorce, and the Pope refused to annul the marriage for both practical and political reasons, so Henry had two options: 1) Execute her – definitely lead to war with Spain 2) Divorce her – possibly lead to war with Spain, and definitely lead to excommunication

15. Henry VIII Henry chose divorce, but since he could not rule as an excommunicated king, he had to first divorce himself and England from the Catholic Church

16. Henry VIII Through massive legislation, Henry and Parliament refuted the Pope’s authority and severed England’s ties with Rome The Anglican church (Protestant) is established, and Henry acts as its head He “sold” this concept to his subjects in three ways: 1) Emphasized the Divine Right of Kings 2) Make the Pope out to be fraud. 3) Sacked monasteries, churches and cathedrals throughout the country

17. The Church of England Angry, Henry seized all of the Church’s property in England and declared himself head of the new Church of England (or Anglican Church) Henry ordered anyone who maintained loyalty to the pope to be charged with treason and executed. Henry even executed his own top advisor, Sir Thomas More (author of Utopia) for refusing to accept Henry’s break with the Church

18. Henry’s Wives & Children Henry announced his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (who had given him a daughter, Mary) annulled and married his mistress, Anne Boleyn, who gave him another daughter, Elizabeth. After having Anne Boleyn executed for adultery, Henry married Jane Seymour who died from complications shortly after giving birth to Henry’s only son, Edward VI. Henry married three more times after Jane’s death, but no other children were conceived.

19. Edward VI 1547 - Edward VI (son Henry VIII and Jane Seymour) ascends the throne at the ripe old age of 9 During his reign, he absolutely reinforces his father’s break from the Catholic Church Why? If he doesn’t, he is considered an illegitimate child and likely faces execution

20. King Edward VI Made serious changes to the Church of England: priests could wed, mass was abolished, services conducted in English Died of tuberculosis at age 15, with no children In his will, he left the throne to his cousin, lady Jane Grey, rather than either of his sisters

21. Lady Jane Grey Was queen of England for only 9 days before Edward’s oldest sister, Mary, asserted her claim to the throne Parliament, which had accepted Jane as queen, quickly withdrew their acceptance and declared Mary queen instead Jane was convicted of treason and sentenced to die, but was spared until a Protestant rebellion forced Mary to execute her

22. “Bloody” Mary I Daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon Devoutly Catholic, married Spain’s King Philip II, striking a Catholic alliance, but he abandoned her when she could produce no children Brutally persecuted Protestants, earning the nickname “Bloody Mary” When she died of cancer after only 5 years on the throne, her half-sister Elizabeth succeeded to the throne

23. Mary Tudor Mary’s reign was defined by an ideological religious quest to undo everything her father had done One of her first acts was to marry her Catholic cousin, Philip, heir to the throne of Spain This was a blatant and bold political move for several reasons: 1) Reaffirmed her mother’s reputation/honor 2) Reestablished ties between Spain and England (Spain was a powerhouse at this point) 3) Sent a clear message that she supported Catholicism, not Anglicanism

24. Mary Tudor A strong, stubborn leader, Mary legislated the “undoing” of the English reformation Earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” for the following: 1) Killed about 300 religious dissenters who refused to convert 2) Imprisoned her sister Elizabeth 3) Forcibly moved England back to Catholicism

25. Mary Tudor 1558 - Mary dies, and without an heir Side note: She was so psychologically desperate to produce an heir, Mary had several “phantom” pregnancies during which she actually stopped menstruating and physically appeared pregnant

26. Elizabeth I 1558 – Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) ascends the throne In a Catholic England, she could not lawfully reign because she would be considered an illegitimate child So…

27. Elizabeth I …Elizabeth sets about undoing everything Mary did in order to restore the Protestant England her father established The “Virgin Queen” reigns until 1603 (45 years), during which: -England experienced its own renaissance -England became the world’s strongest naval power

28. Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Restored Protestantism in England Queen for 45 years Called the “Virgin Queen” - Unwilling to risk a loss of her power to a husband, she never married and bore no children Under her reign England became a world power, feared by Spain & France

29. Catholic Counter-Reformation Pope Paul III, realized that the Catholic Church needed to make reforms in order to combat the Protestants In 1545, he called the Council of Trent, which met for the next 20 years to address the criticisms of Luther and others

30. The Council of Trent Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views about the Bible, the sacraments, and the path to salvation Did stop the selling of indulgences Cracked down on corruption and greed within the Church

31. Catholic Counter-Reformation Created the Inquisition to root out heretics & secret Jews and to guide good Catholics away from dangerous Protestant ideas Created the Jesuits, a special order of priests trained to spread Catholicism and combat Protestantism; the Jesuits would go on to become both the foremost missionaries and educators of the Catholic world

32. The Victims of Reformation Between 1450-1750, tens of thousands were convicted of witchcraft, magic, or devil worship and burned at the stake by fanatical Catholics and Protestants alike Jews were once again targeted for persecution as a group both Catholics and Protestants could agree to hate