1. Epistemology Revision Another criticism of indirect realism:  Problems arising from the view that mind-dependent objects represent mind-independent objects (e.g. Berkeley’s criticism) and are caused by mind-independent objects.

2. Epistemology Revision What is idealism?

3. THE TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT: PALEY AND SWINBURNE Philosophy of Religion Bananas

4. Today’s lesson To introduce the argument from design:  arguments from purpose and regularity, including those formulated by:  Paley  Swinburne

5. Teleological Argument Anything that has parts organised to serve a purpose is designed. Nature contains things which have parts that are organised to serve a purpose. Therefore, nature contains things which are designed. Design can only be explained in terms of a designer. Therefore nature has a designer, which is what we call God.

6. Task – 20 minutes Prepare a short role-play / presentation about your group’s question: 1. What is Paley’s teleological argument? (p.29) 2. What is Hume’s account of the argument from design? (p.30) 3. What is Swinburne’s teleological argument? (p.34)

7. Swinburne Spatial order: different things, e.g. parts of an eye, exist at the same time in an ordered way. Temporal order: an orderliness in the way one thing follows another. The argument from spatial order to a designer is weak: 1. There is lots of disorder in the universe 2. Science can explain the emergence of order from disorder, e.g. through evolution. By contrast, the laws of nature are universal and there is no scientific explanation for why the laws of nature are as they are.

8. Swinburne Science must assume the fundamental laws of nature in order to provide any explanations at all. It can’t say where they come from or why they are the way they are. We need another type of explanation, which we can compare with personal explanation. We explain the products of human activity – this powerpoint, these sentences – in terms of a person, a rational, free agent. I’m writing things I intend to write – because I have purposes to fulfil. The hypothesis that a designer exists and created the universe to include the laws of nature provides a personal explanation for the laws of nature, and so for the order of the universe.

9. Written task – 30 minutes What does ‘telos’ mean? How is the teleological argument ‘a posteriori’ and inductive? (Why might it be a problem that the argument is inductive?) Explain Paley’s watch example and how he relates the idea of a watch-maker to the idea of a universe-maker. Explain Hume’s comparison between the world and a machine. Explain how Paley and Hume connect the teleological argument to a sense of wonder about the world. Is Paley making an argument from analogy? (Look on p.32) Explain how Swinburne’s argument relates to temporal order. Explain the significance of Swinburne’s story about a card- shuffling machine.

10. Example question Outline and explain the key differences between Paley and Swinburne’s design arguments (9 marks) PaleySwinburne