1. CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whaleshttp://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards

2. How organisms avoid sinking  Increase buoyancy Gas containers ○ Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or… ○ Swim bladder Fig. 14.2 http://www.geocities.com/darthdusan/nautilusNYCaquarium.jpg http://www.fineartradiography.com/images/nautilus-pos.jpg

3. How organisms avoid sinking  Float – less dense than saltwater or neutral Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests ○ Radiolarians ○ Foraminifers ○ Copepods Macroscopic zooplankton may have oil droplets Krill (resemble mini-shrimp or large copepods) http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/image Fish egg with oil droplet http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/watercolumn/euphausiid/images http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf /MicroGalleryLarge_files/Forams1.jpg Foraminifers Krill

4. How to avoid sinking  Floating macroscopic zooplankton  Cnidarians Hydrozoan (Portuguese man-of-war) gas-filled float Scyphozoan (jellyfish) soft low-density bodies http://www.aboututila.com/Photos/AdamLaverty/

5. How to avoid sinking Fig. 14.9 Active swimming Fish – swim by curving body from front to back http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/sixcms/media.php/591 http://www.jupitergreetings.com/fil es/anims/thumbnails/266_sm.gif http://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gif

6. How to avoid sinking Active swimming – Squid Swim by trapping water and expelling it Also swim by using fins http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues96/may96http://www.fishingnj.org/jpegs http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpg Unknown deep sea squid

7. How to avoid sinking Active swimming sea turtles use flippers marine mammals use up/down tail movements Different from fish http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/canlilar/img Sperm whale

8. Fin designs in fish  Vertical fins as stabilizers ○ dosral and anal fins  Paired fins for “steering” and balance ○ Pelvic and pectoral  Tail fin (caudal) for thrust http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif

9. Fin designs in fish  Rounded caudal fins  Rounded caudal fins flexible, maneuver at slow speeds  Truncate finsforked fins  Truncate fins and forked fins, useful for both maneuvering and thrust  Lunate fins  Lunate fins rigid, lots of thrust for fast swimmers  Heterocercal fins  Heterocercal fins asymmetrical, lift for buoyancy (shark)

10. Adaptations for finding prey  Mobility  Lungers  Lungers wait for prey and pounce (grouper) Mainly white muscle tissue  Cruisers  Cruisers actively seek prey (tuna) Mostly red muscle tissue http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170960108002.png

11. Adaptations for finding prey  Swimming speed Speed generally proportional to size Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation) http://images.inmagine.com/img/imagezoo/iz125/iz125022.jpghttp://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/jim/cozmay06best/barracuda.jpg

12. Adaptations to finding prey  Most fish cold-blooded but some are warm- blooded Homeothermic-body temperature above sea water temperature Modifications in circulatory system Mainly in fast-swimming fish http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/10/051031133653.jpg

13. Adaptations of deep-water nekton  Mainly fish that consume detritus or each other  Lack of abundant food  Bioluminescence ○ http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_glowing_life_in_a n_underwater_world.html http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_glowing_life_in_a n_underwater_world.html  Fishing lures  Large, sensitive eyes http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/myctophid1.jpg Lanternfish http://www.antoranz.net/CURIOSA/ZBIOR2/C0301 Anglerfish w/ males

14. Adaptations of deep-water nekton  Large sharp teeth  Expandable bodies  Hinged jaws http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/b Gulper eel

15. Figure 14.12

16. Adaptations to avoid predation  Schooling “Safety in numbers” School may appear as single larger unit Schooling maneuvers confuse predator http://www.oceanbrite.com/gallery/d/811-2/Fish_School.jpg

19. Some taxonomy……  Fish Kingdom Animalia ○ Phylum Chordata Class Chondrichtyes – cartilaginous fish - Sharks, rays Class Osteichthyes – bony fish

20. Marine Mammals  Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata ○ Class Mammalia Order Carnivora - Sea otters - Polar Bears - Pinnipeds – Family Odobenidae (walrus), Family Otariidae (Sea lions), Family Phocidae (seals) Order Sirenia - Manatees and dugongs Order Cetacea - Whales

21.  Whales  Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata ○ Class Mammalia Order Cetacea - Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales – dolphins, orcas, sperm whales) - Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales – blue whale, gray whale)

22. Marine mammals  Land-dwelling ancestors  Warm-blooded  Breathe air  Hair/fur  Bear live young  Mammary glands for milk http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpg http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/8bb.jpg

23. Marine mammals  Carnivora Prominent canine teeth Sea otters Sea otters Polar bears Polar bears http://www.sierraclub.org/compass/uploaded_images/otter-700966.jpg http://www.gaszappers.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/3-lazy-polar-bears.jpg http://www.birdsasart.com/Sea-Otter-w- pup-_T9J9119-Cordova,-AK.jpg

24. Marine mammals  Carnivora Pinnepeds Pinnepeds ○ Walruses Eat crustaceans with tusks ○ Seals http://images.livescience.com/images/071008-walrus-04.jpg http://www.cambriarealty.com/images/seal_pic1.jpg

25. Marine mammals  Carnivora Pinnepeds Pinnepeds ○ Sea lions ○ Fur seals http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpg http://neilshedden.com/africa/images/animals/seals3.jpg

26. Marine mammals  Sirenia  Herbivores Manatees Manatees ○ Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean Dugongs Dugongs ○ Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans http://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpg http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/Photos/Dugong%20CL25_1b.jpg

27. Marine mammals  Cetacea  Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming  Specialized skin (dermal ridges) structure for fast swimming  Whales Toothed - carnivores Baleen – filter feeders http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/wszhale.gif http://faculty.mccfl.edu/rizkf/OCE1001/Images/whales2.jpg

28. Cetacea Fig. 14.18 http://www.alaska-passages-yacht-charters.com/breach_1.gif

29. Marine mammals Dolphins vs. porpoises Dolphins (Delphinidae) ○ 35 species ○ Beaks ○ melon (fatty organ in forehead) ○ Prominent, curved dorsal fin ○ conical, undifferentiated teeth ○ Range in size from 1.5 m Hector's dolphin to 9 m killer whales Porpoises (Phocoenidae) ○ 6 species ○ Lack prominent beak ○ laterally compressed teeth ○ More triangular dorsal fin http://www-heb.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/community/ education/images/harbourporpoise/teeth2_small.gif http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94551&rendTypeId=4 Harbor porpoise Bottlenose dolphin http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpg

30. Cetacea  Adaptations for deep diving Use oxygen efficiently ○ Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled ○ Able to store large quantities of oxygen – high levels of myoglobin and hemoglobin ○ Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs ○ Slowed cardiac rate Muscles insensitive to buildup of CO 2 Collapsible lungs http://www.keanani.com/dolphin_Animation.gifhttp://www.freewebs.com/cetaceanrc/SpermWhale1.jpg http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html#skin

31. Adaptations for deep diving Sperm whales can dive up to 1 hour, 52 min. and to 3 km deep

32. Cetacea Odontoceti  Suborder Odontoceti (toothed) Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects ○ Clicks produced in nasal air sacs are focused by the melon ○ Echos received thru lower jaw  middle ear Determine shape, size of objects http://hearingresearch.net/pix/FultonCaldwell.gif http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.100.html

33. Intelligence in toothed whales  Large brains relative to body size  Communicate with each other  Brains convoluted  Trainable  Are they intelligent? http://www.nodium.com/wp-content/img/article/503.jpg http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/images/jerison1.gif

34. Cetacea  Baleen whales  Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale baleen  Fibrous plates of baleen sieve prey items  Vocalized sounds for various purposes Suborder Mysticeti Fig. 14.23 http://www.coastalstudies.org/what-we-do/right-whales/fieldnotes.htm Right whale feeding Right whale baleen

35. Gray whale migration 22,000 km (13,700 mi) annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer) Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter) Fig. 14-25 http://www.howardhall.com/stories/Gray%20Whale1H.jpg

36. Whales as endangered species  Fewer whales now than before whaling  International Whaling Treaty  Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938  Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as population rebounded Fig. 14.26 http://typingisnotactivism.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/japan-whaling-2008.jpg

37. Marine reptiles ○ Sea turtles Prey depends on species Greens Greens eat seagrass (gut flora digests cellulose) Loggerheads Loggerheads eat conch Leatherbacks Leatherbacks eat jellyfish Nest on beaches: predation, lights on dunes Many overexploited http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ihttp://swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov/PRD/PROGRAMS/turtles Leatherback Green Loggerhead

38. ○ Marine iguanas ○ Marine iguanas of Galapagos Islands Feed on submerged algae Dive for up to 20 minutes Must surface before they become too cold and can’t climb out of water http://www.exzooberance.com/virtua l%20zoo/they%20walk/iguana http://www.surtrek.com/en/images/P rogram_pics/photogallery/gps

39. ○ Sea snakes ○ Sea snakes of Pacific Highly poisonous Truly aquatic - reproduce in water - live-bearers http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/1998/photos http://www.oceanbrite.com/albums/Fiji/

41. Misconceptions

42. Florida Sunshine State Standards

43. Ocean Literacy Principles  3e. - The ocean dominates the Earth’s carbon cycle. Half the primary productivity on Earth takes place in the sunlit layers of the ocean and the ocean absorbs roughly half of all carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere.  5a. - Ocean life ranges in size from the smallest virus to the largest animal that has lived on Earth, the blue whale.  5b. - Most life in the ocean exists as microbes. Microbes are the most important primary producers in the ocean. Not only are they the most abundant life form in the ocean, they have extremely fast growth rates and life cycles.  5c. - Some major groups are found exclusively in the ocean. The diversity of major groups of organisms is much greater in the ocean than on land.  5d. - Ocean biology provides many unique examples of life cycles, adaptations and important relationships among organisms (symbiosis, predator-prey dynamics and energy transfer) that do not occur on land.  5e. - The ocean is three-dimensional, offering vast living space and diverse habitats from the surface through the water column to the seafloor. Most of the living space on Earth is in the ocean.  5f. - Ocean habitats are defined by environmental factors. Due to interactions of abiotic factors such as salinity, temperature, oxygen, pH, light, nutrients, pressure, substrate and circulation, ocean life is not evenly distributed temporally or spatially, i.e., it is “patchy”. Some regions of the ocean support more diverse and abundant life than anywhere on Earth, while much of the ocean is considered a desert.  5g. - There are deep ocean ecosystems that are independent of energy from sunlight and photosynthetic organisms. Hydrothermal vents, submarine hot springs, methane cold seeps, and whale falls rely only on chemical energy and chemosynthetic organisms to support life.  5h. - Tides, waves and predation cause vertical zonation patterns along the shore, influencing the distribution and diversity of organisms.  5i. - Estuaries provide important and productive nursery areas for many marine and aquatic species.